The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

The Truman Doctrine and the marshall PlanTHE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND MARSHALL aim SHAPING AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICYAMERICAN FOREIGN POLICYThis research paper presents and overview for the mixed bag ca utilise by the well- getn Truman Doctrine and marshall PlanThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan was the impetus for the exchange in get together States foreign polity, from the isolationist to the inter internalist therefore, we were drawn into two contends of containment and into world affairs.The Truman Doctrine conduct to major change in U.S. foreign policy from its inception- supporter to Turkey and Greece- to its indirect influence in Korea and Vietnam. On March 12, 1947 President Truman gave his message to congress requesting 400 million in emergency aid for the unstable governments to Turkey and Greece. This marks the beginning of what we now know of as the Truman Doctrine. Within this message Truman utterI believe that it must be the policy of the United States to supp ort free deals who are resisting act subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.I believe we must go to free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.I believe that our help should be primarily through sparing and financial aid which is essential to economical stability and orderly policy-making processes. (Jentleson)The presidents address alternated the warnings of the dangers of communism in specific areas, which were the gateway to europium and the Middle East. President Truman never pertained to the Soviet Union, but in speaking of violations of the Yalta agreement of totalitarian regimes he made it very obvious who his fair game was. The Truman Doctrine imitated the directing assumption of the U.S. Cold War policy.The immediate request of this statement was critical because of the crisis in the country of Greece. This crisis was because Britain inform that they could no longer assume the economic and other burdens of continued participati on in Greek affairs. Politically, the United States realized that the United Nations could not guarantee peace. Economically, the Truman Doctrine recognized that the designings that had been developed during the war were not adequate enough to rebuild and rehabilitate war-torn countries of the world. There needed to be something to a greater extent to ensure that these countries would be stable enough to resist Communist pressure.The Truman Doctrine implies that the responsibility that America had for the economic welfare for these war-torn countries did not end immediately after the war. The economic aid that President Truman proposed amount about $400 million. President Truman k in the raw the United States was the only country that could aid in this economic hardship of Greece and Turkey. Truman argued that the United States could no longer stand by and allow the forcible expansion of Soviet monocracy into free, independent nations, because American national security now depe nded upon more(prenominal) than just the physical security of American territory. Rather, in a sharp break with its traditional avoidance of extensive foreign commitments beyond the horse opera Hemisphere during peacetime, the Truman Doctrine committed the United States to actively offering assistance to preserve the political law of democratic nations when such an offer was deemed to be in the best interest of the United States.Just a few months later, June 1947, at Harvard University, Secretary of State George Marshall announced a plan in his starting line speech. This plan is the Marshall PlanIn considering the requirements for the rehabilitation of europium, the physical loss of life, the visible destruction of cities, factories, mines and railroads was abilityily estimated, but it has become obvious during recent months that this visible destruction was probably less serious than the disruption of the entire fabric of European economy.The truth of the matter is that Eur opes requirements for the next three or four days of foreign food and other essential products-principally from American-are so much greater than her present ability to impart that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character. The remedy lies in breaking the vicious cycle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a wholeIt is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not over against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.The Marshall Plan was the primary winding plan after WWII of the United States for rebuilding in creating a stronger foundation for the countries of Western Europe, June 5, 1947, the reconstructi ve plan was established. The United States responded to the crisis in Europe for four reasons. First, Europe had been a great market for American goods without a prosperous Europe, the United States might have suffered a severe economic depression. Second, Western Europe might have used socialist or Communist methods to rebuild their country without the help of American aid, in which the United States leader considered that undesirable. Another reason was cod to the United States was beginning to understand that Western Europe appeared to open to influence by our principal rival, the U.S.S.R. Finally, European fears of the World War II foe would change magnitude only if the Germans were integrated into a larger Europe by rebuilding Western Germany as a buffer against further Soviet expansion. Then the U.S. congress gave $13.1 million of the $29 billion Western Europe asked for. Seventy percent that was distributed by the Economic Cooperation Administration was spent for goods in the U.S. As cold war tensions heightened in 1949 the largest amounts went in order of Great Britain, France, Italy, and West Germany. The funds increasingly went into military expenditures rather than industrial rebuilding. In April 1948, the plan had now been in operation for four years. 7 billion in U.S. dollars were granted to aid in economic and technical assistance to European countries that had joined in the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC). By 1952, West Germany was independent, rearmed, and economically booming, West European industrial production stood 35 percent above prewar levels. The economy of every participating state had grown well past pre-war levels by the time the plan had come to completion.The Marshall Plan left a legacy of U.S.-European friendship, transatlantic cooperation, U.S. mesh topology in Europe, and bipartisan U.S. support for that engagement. That legacy has guided U.S.-European relations ever since, and it serves as a beam fo r the Euro-Atlantic Community today.The Marshall Plan was not only used to aid Europe in June 1947, again used on March 16, 1961, when the Cold War was at its greatest height and lastly used on March 14, 2002 at the request of President Bush with the events of September 11th war on terrorism.The third and final President to request aid from the Marshall Plan was President George Bush, March 14, 2002, due to the war on terrorism events of September 11th. Later, President Bush addressed the Inter-American Development Bank announced the largest increase in foreign aid assistance in 40 years of $5 billion dollars. To quote from the Presidents speech, The growing divide between wealth and poverty, between opportunity and misery, is both a contend to our compassion and a source of instability. Even as we force to defeat terror, we must also fight for the values that make life worth living for education and health and economic opportunity. The President was clear. However, that the new f unds would be used for countries that root out corruption, respect human rights and adhere to the rule of law, as well as encourage open markets and sustainable budget policies.The most important question which phylogeny professionals must answer in order to make the aid ashes produce better and more sustainable results are this what structures, what systemic pressures, and what incentives will overcome the inherent characteristic of human nature in all societies that opposes transformational change because it can be so threatening? One of the sad lessons we have conditioned through painful mistakes is that transformational change in a poor country cannot be imposed from the outside, not by the UN, not by the Banks, and not by donor governments. There must be national leadership and local support for transformational change to remove the impediments to microeconomic reform, to clean up corruption in the political system, and to make public management more accountable and transpare nt. What causes this leadership to form and act should be a question of considerable interest to us. Part of the answer lies in the nature of the incentive system in the international aid community.When the stability of fellow Western democracies was at stake, the Marshall Plan apply also to American principles. Much of Europe was devastated by the end of WWII. Most of the 60 million casualties among WWII were residents of Europe. destruction of Europes agriculture led to conditions of starvation in many parts of the continents. Damaged railways and bridges left them economically isolated. The U.S. was the only major power whose infrastructure had not been harmed in WWII because we had entered the war later than other powers. During this time, the U.S. byword the fastest period of economic growth in the history of our nation due to American factories keep both our allies and our own war effort. The health of the economy was reliant on trade. Aid from the Marshall Plan was mostly used by Europeans to purchase manufactured goods and raw materials from the U.S. George Marshall determined that providing economic stability to Europe would also provide political stability. When aid was offered, the European countries refused due to having already unionized the program themselves. Thus, the process of European integration was started, and the economic and political foundations were laid for the stable, prosperous, and democratic Europe we know today.Different regions require different approaches. One great lesson of the Marshall Plan is that it was designed specifically to lose the critical needs of a particular place during a particular moment in history. It worked because Europeans were uniquely able to make it work. People need to find modern ways of solving current problems. We need to mention also that Americans and others tried to replant NATO in other types of soil during the fifties and sixties. I dont have in mind those approaches worked very well. Th is is another reason to be cautious today.WORKS CITEDEUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM. 2009. History.com. 12 celestial latitude 2009, 0112 B.W. Jentleson, American Foreign Policy The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century, 3rd discrepancy (2007), W.W. Norton .Facts Sheet prepared by the Office of Policy and Public Affairs, Bureau for European and Canadian Affairs, . The Marshall Plan. 5/12/97 Fact Sheet The Marshall Plan. 20 Jan 2001. The State Department, Web. 12 fall 2009. .U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action. Truman Doctrine, 1947. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs, Web. 12 descent 2009. .