Urban Legends :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Urban Legends The subject of this report focuses on the phenomenon known as Urban Legend. Urban Legend, henceforth referred to as UL, is well known in the arena of folklore and other sorts of stories passed down through generations however, it is relatively new to the world of literary composition as a legitimate music genre to be canvass and studied in texts by experts of literature. In fact, if it had to be labeled, UL would be considered a sub-genre of folklore by many of the experts. These stories are known as modern oral folklore - typically a tall tale with a frisson of comeuppance of horror, related as having actually happened to a friend of a friend (Clute & Grant, 1997). UL is also considered to be very uniform to myth and fantasy. I originally became very interested in this phenomenon after seeing the film Urban Legend several years ago. My curiosity on the subject matter was rekindled when Stacey Burleson presented on Legend in our class. To be quite hone st, I did not realize that UL was considered as being part of a genre of literature until Ms. Burlesons presentation. This newfound interest in the subject, as well as a desire to dig beyond the surface of the subject matter, is the reason I chose this topic. In doing this research, I realized that I have been participating in ULs every since I was a young boy. The simple fact that I neer used the term urban legend is why I thought I was so unfamiliar with this subject area. During my childhood, my family and peers always referred to these legends as campfire stories. It was not until college, when I saw the previously mentioned movie, that I associated the term with the countless stories I had heard and told to others. According to Jan Harold Brunvand, considered by many to be the leading expert in the depicted object of UL and fantasy folklore, ULs are stories that are too good to be true. And are events that happen to a friend of a friend, or FOAF.(Brunvand, 1999 ). Also, most of the time, the stories are told in such a believable manner because the storytellers themselves believe the story, or at least the probability that the actions in the stories could take place.

Analysis of King Solomons Mines and its Undertone of Sexism Essay

Analysis of King Solomons Mines and its Undertone of SexismDuring the nineteenth century, women were viewed as inferior to men. Men also saw women as prizes as headspring as possessions. We can see this undertone in the playscript King Solomons Mines by H.Rider Haggard. Here, the writer uses Lyn Pyketts essay Gender, Degeneration, Renovation Some Contexts of the Modern as the lynchpin for the comparison and discussion.As Allen Quartermain and company gets closer and closer to the diamonds, the description of the scenery is very feministic For the nipple of the mountain did not rise out of its exact center.(Haggard 101) As someone had checked out that the map included in the book also has a hint of a female body, if turned upside down. The Shebas breasts resemble the breasts of a female, and the location of the diamonds and treasures, which is further down the map, signifies the private of a female. Woman is a wholly versed creature, to be defined entirely in terms of sexua l relations and the reproductive function.(Pykett 23) When a man meets a cleaning lady, his ultimate goal is to get, as Haggard implied in the book, the treasures of the woman therefore, one can also come to to the scene where Allen Quartermain and company makes a great effort to reach Shebas breasts. During that phase of the trip, they face many hardships, such as starvation and dehydration. This donation of the book could be interpreted as the time when a woman tells her man to slow down because she is not ready to be intimate, yet man, like the characters in the book would continue to strive to their ultimate goal. It is also important to note that later the characters reached Shebas breasts they found a stream, killed an inco and had a big feast. Here is a quote from Allen Quartermain after the treat, complementing the view of Shebas breasts I know not how to describe the glorious panorama which unfolded itself to our enraptured gaze. I have never seen anything like it before, nor shall, I suppose, again.(Haggard 104) Another point that should be observed is the fact that the road to the treasure becomes wide and smooth It was a very different business traveling along down hill on that magnificent pathway. Every mile we walked the atmosphere grew softer and balmier, and the country before us shone with a yet more luminous beauty(Haggard 107). This part of the literat... ...he sick-room as swiftly, gently, and with as fine instinct as a trained hospital nurse. Day and night she watched and tended him.(Haggard 246) Also, Pyketts essay stated that during that time of the century, womens movement was trash for the political and social position of women. The developing scientific culture of the nineteenth century provided a range of very authoritative discourses which claimed to speak about woman and by extension, about and for women.(Pykett 20) This movement is surely against man and the norm during that time period. It seems like Haggard does not fully agree with this movement. Therefore, one can for certain identify the where about, the birth of this untainted character Foulata.In all, one can get an impression of anti-feminism from Haggard. For he accepts the old traditional way. Where, men dominate. Such believe can be interpreted through his story and characters in King Solomons Mines. Work CitedHaggard, H. Rider. King Solomons Mines. 1989. Oxford, New York Oxford World Classics 1998Pykett, Lyn. Gender. Degeneration, Renovation Some Contexts of the Modern. In Engendering lying (London Arnold, 1995) 14-

The Necessary Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to End World War II Ess

After the defeat of Germany, the allies turned their attention on crushing Japan. On August 6, 1945, 816 A.M, Enola Gay completed its representation and dropped the 9000lb little boy on Hiroshima. 78,000 killed instantly and many more were to die within 5 years. All together, 250,000 citizens of Hiroshima were killed. Another bomb named fat man was dropped on Nagasaki 3 days later, killing 40,000 people. The onslaught of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the quickest way to end the war with the few casualties. The boom cost $2000 millions to build and it was a military tool for war, it should be used to fulfill its purpose- to end the war. The allies may have lost the war if U.S did not use the atomic bomb, the consequences may be level worse. In spite of the lives lost during the bombing, it had taught humans a great deal about atomic bombs and it had advanced mankind. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justified and necessary for World fight II.In Japan there were more than 2 million combat troops and 9000 aircrafts ready to fight till the very end. Japan was famous for their foe and pride and the war may take a lot of energy and time to end. If the allies did not use the atomic bombs, peace may adopt with a heavy price with possibly 500,000 American causalities, as well as that many for Japanese soldiers and maybe half of that number for British. Prime curate Churchill knew of Japanese pride and said, I had my mind the spectacle of Okinawa Island, where many thousands of Japanese, rather than surrender, had drawn up in line and destroyed themselves by hand-grenadesNow that nightm are project had vanished. In its place was the vision of the end of the whole war in one or two violent shocks. The allies had warned t... ... learned from the nuclear bombs are now beneficial to the world today.The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justified and necessary for World War II. The use of Atomic bombs was the quickest way to end the war with the fewest casualties. The bombs were weapons of war made by U.S Americans efficiently used their weapons to end the war in the best way possible. The consequences are unthinkable if the Allies lost the war, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary to avoid a future that is dominated by Japan. Mankind learned very important lessons from the atomic bombs in WWII and it prevented any future attempts of some other World War. The discovery was also very beneficial to mankind. The lives lost due to the bombing were worth it, they traded peace in the future, a world that is aware of the Atomic Bombs dangers and millions of lives were saved.

Early Childhood Education and its Impact on Technology Essay -- essays

Early Childhood Education and its Impact on TechnologyEarly childishness education is a time where young children mature important learning skills. Young children, aged birth through approximately 8 years (young children, 2004) interact with one another to develop social and heretofore motor skills that they will carry with them later in life. Development in young children involves the early years in a childs physical, social-emotional, language, and cognitive development (Baur, 1998). developmental aspects can be assessed by engineering. Technology is growing everyday in our society, it is becoming a big factor in the use of early childhood education. Computer use is most popular in the classroom because it is easy for children to learn and develop learning (Clements, 1992). Computers increase social interaction and help children research writing. Until age eight, activity of young children is symbolic since they communicate with gestures, language, and play (Shade & Ca ruso, 1994). The computer therefore, provides a symbolic tool for children to use in school, which is very beneficial. As technology is a useful aspect in early childhood education, there are also negative effects. Overall, the use of technology in early childhood education has positive effects on children because it plays a major role in the learning development of young students from pre-school through out elementary school. in anatomyation Development Learning development during early childhood is a very important part of learning. Activities and experiences that help the developmental changes in children through these years form birth to elementary school, around grades kindergarten to third grade, are aspects of early childhood education (early chil... ...that are less fortunate and can not afford technology equipment. It explains how computers in poor communities, such as cities, use computers in a negative way for drill practice on standardized tests. Clements, D.H. ( 1992). Technology as a learning tool. In The encyclopedia of early childhood education. (Vol. 504, pp. 369-371). New York Garland Publishing The entry in the encyclopedia mentions why computers are a cooperative tool for children to use in the curriculum of teaching. Early childhood education (2004). Ebsco Publishing, Retrieved November 23, 2004 from ERIC database. The database gives a detailed definition of early childhood education in its thesaurus. Young children (2004). Ebsco Publishing, Retrieved November 23, 2004 from ERIC database. The database gives a detailed definition of young children in its thesaurus.

Pornography Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

porn Pornography is ripping apart our alliance. Although Christians are sometimes dish antenna tied with the impact and apathetic about the need to control this menace. Pornography is a year business with close ties to organized crime. Pornography involves books, magazines, videos, and devices and has moved from the society into the mainstream by means of the renting of video cassettes, sales Of so-called soft-porn magazines, and the airing of sexually explicit movies on Cable television. To some, pornography is nonhing more than a a couple of(prenominal) pictures of scantily clad Women in seductive poses. But pornography has bugger off much more than just Photographs of nude women. Computer technology is providing peasant molesters and child pornographers with powerful new tools for victimizing children. Pornography as the sexually explicit exposure of persons, in words or images, Sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of much(prenominal) existents. No one can prove those films with graphic sex or violence has a harmful effect on visualizeers. But there seems to be little doubt that films do have some effect on society and that all of us live with such effects. The question of how society exit function when all checks that a few thousand years of purification have imposed have disappeared has yet to be answered. Society has been trained to view photographs as representations of Reality, but digital imaging has quickly tossed that mindset aside. The central Problem results in questioning of everyday events such as, the ability to look at a Photo and trust that the images we see are truly congresswoman of the situation. The ability to alter images can open creative outlets for photographers and In turn, produce break down quality work. Any photog... ...nities of the porno plague. We should express our concern to local Officials through letters and petitions about adult movie houses and bookstores in the community. But if we receive porn ographic material in the mail, we should Report it to our postmaster and request that federal agents take action. cardinal Important thing is not to patronize stores that sell pornographic materials. Consider organizing a boycott and pickets in order to get community attention focus on the problem. And even try to start a neighborhood meeting or something to help out around the community.To conclude this report pornographic material is hurting America but not in a big demeanor and it is bringing us down as a society and not really being great role Models to our kids. Its might be a tidy thing to have and to some people might be A bad thing to someone. Thank you for reading my report. Pornography Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive EssaysPornography Pornography is ripping apart our society. Although Christians are sometimes discus tied with the impact and apathetic about the need to control this menace. Pornography is a year business with close ties to organized crime. Pornography involves books, magazines, videos, and devices and has moved from the society into the mainstream through the renting of video cassettes, sales Of so-called soft-porn magazines, and the airing of sexually explicit movies on Cable television. To some, pornography is nothing more than a few pictures of scantily clad Women in seductive poses. But pornography has become much more than just Photographs of nude women. Computer technology is providing child molesters and child pornographers with powerful new tools for victimizing children. Pornography as the sexually explicit depiction of persons, in words or images, Sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of such materials. No one can prove those films with graphic sex or violence has a harmful effect on viewers. But there seems to be little doubt that films do have some effect on society and that all of us live with such effects. The question of how society will function when all checks that a few thousand years of civilization have imposed have disappeared has yet to be answered. Society has been trained to view photographs as representations of Reality, but digital imaging has quickly tossed that mindset aside. The underlying Problem results in questioning of everyday events such as, the ability to look at a Photo and trust that the images we see are truly representative of the situation. The ability to alter images can open creative outlets for photographers and In turn, produce better quality work. Any photog... ...nities of the porno plague. We should express our concern to local Officials through letters and petitions about adult movie houses and bookstores in the community. But if we receive pornographic material in the mail, we should Report it to our postmaster and request that federal agents take action. One Important thing is not to patronize stores that sell pornographic materials. Consider organizing a boycott and pickets in order to get community attention Focused on the probl em. And even try to start a neighborhood meeting or something to help out around the community.To conclude this report pornographic material is hurting America but not in a big way and it is bringing us down as a society and not really being great role Models to our kids. Its might be a good thing to have and to some people might be A bad thing to someone. Thank you for reading my report.

Pornography Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

pornography Pornography is ripping apart our night club. Although Christians are sometimes dish aerial tied with the impact and apathetic about the need to control this menace. Pornography is a year business with close ties to organized crime. Pornography involves books, magazines, videos, and devices and has moved from the society into the mainstream through the renting of video cassettes, sales Of so-called soft-porn magazines, and the airing of sexually explicit movies on Cable television. To some, pornography is nothing more than a a couple of(prenominal) pictures of scantily clad Women in seductive poses. But pornography has arrive much more than just Photographs of nude women. Computer technology is providing tiddler molesters and child pornographers with powerful new tools for victimizing children. Pornography as the sexually explicit ikon of persons, in words or images, Sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of such somatics. No one can prove those films with g raphic sex or violence has a harmful effect on sentimenters. But there seems to be little doubt that films do have some effect on society and that all of us live with such effects. The question of how society go a delegacy function when all checks that a few thousand years of refining have imposed have disappeared has yet to be answered. Society has been trained to view photographs as representations of Reality, but digital imaging has quickly tossed that mindset aside. The be Problem results in questioning of everyday events such as, the ability to look at a Photo and trust that the images we see are truly exemplification of the situation. The ability to alter images can open creative outlets for photographers and In turn, produce transgress quality work. Any photog... ...nities of the porno plague. We should express our concern to local Officials through letters and petitions about adult movie houses and bookstores in the community. But if we receive grownup material in t he mail, we should Report it to our postmaster and request that federal agents take action. single Important thing is not to patronize stores that sell pornographic materials. Consider organizing a boycott and pickets in order to get community attention focussed on the problem. And even try to start a neighborhood meeting or something to help out around the community.To conclude this report pornographic material is hurting America but not in a big way and it is bringing us down as a society and not really being great role Models to our kids. Its might be a favorable thing to have and to some people might be A bad thing to someone. Thank you for reading my report. Pornography Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive EssaysPornography Pornography is ripping apart our society. Although Christians are sometimes discus tied with the impact and apathetic about the need to control this menace. Pornography is a year business with close ties to organized crime. Pornography invo lves books, magazines, videos, and devices and has moved from the society into the mainstream through the renting of video cassettes, sales Of so-called soft-porn magazines, and the airing of sexually explicit movies on Cable television. To some, pornography is nothing more than a few pictures of scantily clad Women in seductive poses. But pornography has become much more than just Photographs of nude women. Computer technology is providing child molesters and child pornographers with powerful new tools for victimizing children. Pornography as the sexually explicit depiction of persons, in words or images, Sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of such materials. No one can prove those films with graphic sex or violence has a harmful effect on viewers. But there seems to be little doubt that films do have some effect on society and that all of us live with such effects. The question of how society will function when all checks that a few thousand years of civilization have impos ed have disappeared has yet to be answered. Society has been trained to view photographs as representations of Reality, but digital imaging has quickly tossed that mindset aside. The underlying Problem results in questioning of everyday events such as, the ability to look at a Photo and trust that the images we see are truly representative of the situation. The ability to alter images can open creative outlets for photographers and In turn, produce better quality work. Any photog... ...nities of the porno plague. We should express our concern to local Officials through letters and petitions about adult movie houses and bookstores in the community. But if we receive pornographic material in the mail, we should Report it to our postmaster and request that federal agents take action. One Important thing is not to patronize stores that sell pornographic materials. Consider organizing a boycott and pickets in order to get community attention Focused on the problem. And even try to st art a neighborhood meeting or something to help out around the community.To conclude this report pornographic material is hurting America but not in a big way and it is bringing us down as a society and not really being great role Models to our kids. Its might be a good thing to have and to some people might be A bad thing to someone. Thank you for reading my report.

The Desire of Human Trafficking

Compton Saul 2/11/2013 The Desire of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is considered to be the equivalent to modern day slavery. Even judging by the definition, mankind trafficking has a very negative term. Human trafficking, in legion(predicate) articles, is described as the illegal trade of gentle beings, mainly for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor (Human Trafficking). Human trafficking is becoming much and more of a paradox and it has caught the attention of the UN. The UN is seeing that human trafficking is affecting the economies of countries and is morally wrong.One of the countries that suffers significantly from human trafficking is the Philippines. History The Philippines has become increasingly vulnerable to human trafficking. This is partly due to the countrys scotch difficulty. About 11 million Filipinos work overseas to help their family still living in the Philippines. A specific reason that Filipinos go overseas is because there at omic number 18 not many jobs in the Philippines. The economy leaves many Filipinos looking for jobs in different places that many retrieve lead give them money to support their family. As a result of this, many female Filipinos argon lured into human trafficking.The females are promised a brawny job to support their families. A typical Filipino led to believe that they are moving abroad to get a good job that will support her family, this trick that led them into slavery Females are not the exactly individuals who get tricked into human trafficking. Men and children also are involved in human trafficking. According to a human trafficking website, women and children are trafficked within the country for forced begging, and for exploitation in the commercial sex industry (Human trafficking). Filipinos are trafficked from rural areas to urban areas.In the Philippines, traffickers, in partnership with organized crime syndicates and complicit law enforcement officers, regularly oper ate through fraudulent recruitment agencies to traffic migrants. The workers are oft do by with violence, abuse, inhumane living conditions, nonpayment of salaries, and withholding of travel and identity documents this to leaving them with no way out (Human trafficking). Historically, the Philippines kick in no sustainable jobs to assert a typical Filipino family. This is why human trafficking is dramatically increasing in the Philippines by the factors they face (Human Trafficking). UnemploymentThe Philippines have limited jobs to support the Filipino population. Most Families get their income from overseas. This is true is because there are very little jobs available in the Filipino economy. As a consequence, many Filipinos are unoccupied and fail to live a reasonable life. Unemployment in the Philippines is more widespread in the urban areas than in rural areas. The in depth reason why is because in rural areas many of the jobs involve agriculture jobs. This makes it easy fo r the populations that live in rural areas to be employed. Compared to rural resident, the urban population lacks the resources to earn jobs.This leaves to the highest degree of the urban population unemployed with no jobs and income. Other factors like population growth and poverty leaves many families unemployed. The few jobs Filipinos are able to get are not able to support their household, making it hard for them to rely on the job. (Trafficking In Persons Report 2012) The Process of Recruited Victims Human trafficking often begins in the slums of the Philippines. Many of the victims who are recruited are children and women. Traffickers offer good jobs, but most individuals are tricked into to free labor.This is a reason as to why a typical Filipino is voluntary to go along with human trafficking. They see this as a ticket way to get away from the slums and to a offend life. I emphasize on better life because many Filipino are trying to survive from the poverty they deal with on daily bases. The trafficker strives on the Filipinos hopes and aspirations to hoax the citizen into working(a) for them. Most of the victims are paid up front to show that the traffickers are trustworthy. Female Filipinos are usually promised waitressing jobs, but are manipulated into another form of labor, such(prenominal) as prostitution.Human traffickers also have a tendency to harass the family, making their daughters or children work for them. No Choices Many Filipino women still continue to go back to human trafficking because they believe there no other choices. The Filipino women, knowing the consequences, still continue to endure the horrible treatment in collection to support their family. Many of the females believe that since there arent many available jobs, they must continue to endure these bad conditions. Many of the women believe that its their only option and that it is the right thing to do in order to help their family.Since they are limited by jobs, many Fi lipino women believe this would help their families by having something to provide for them. Filipino women then, as a result, continue to fall prey to human trafficking. Many Filipinos see this as a ticket to a better life where they can escape the economic difficulty. Typical Filipino families have nothing to support their family because they live in poverty. The individuals involved in this human trafficking often bring their daughters or other younger females into the process, solely because they believe that they are doing the right thing in providing for them.Conclusion The Filipino government understands that human trafficking is an immense problem in their country. The Philippine government and others have tried taking steps in baring human trafficking. Concern for the help of many Filipinos is prominent because of the labor they have to work for. As stated in the Human Trafficking article, the majority of children work as labors and unskilled workers, and are often exposed to hazardous working surroundings in industries such as mining, fishing, pyrotechnic production, domestic service, garbage scavenging, and agriculture, especially sugar cane plantations. This news catches the eyes of the government and Filipino organizations that want to prevent harsh acts towards children. One person that tries to limit and prevent human trafficking is CECILIA FLORES-OEBANDA. Ms. Cecilia Flores-Oebanda is the Founder and Director of the Visayan Forum Foundation (VFI) (Human Trafficking). The foundation tries to better the lives of the Filipino citizens who believe they have no choices, and result to human trafficking.The foundation tries and helps families that live in poverty so that they dont turn to human trafficking. The foundation understands that it is the batch that live in poverty that are tricked or have bondage with human trafficking. To conclude, human trafficking is the modern day slavery. The factors that contribute to human trafficking are poverty, unemployment and economic stability (Human trafficking). These factors are what lead the Filipino population to believe that human trafficking will give them a better life.

Lord of the Flies Symbolism Project Essay

5 Quotes1. Youre a beast and a swine and a bloody, bloody thief (Golding 252). 2. I expect the beast disguised itself (Golding 225). 3. line of merchandise there isnt a beast in the forest. How could there be? What would a beast eat? Pig. We eat pig. (Golding 83). 4. Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could race and kill (Golding 143). 5. No go, Piggy. Weve got no fire. That thing sits up there well have to stay here. (Golding 129). 6. Be frightened because youre like that but there is no beast in the forest. (Golding 83). 7. But a sign came down from the world of grown-ups, though at the time there was no child awake to put down it. There was a sudden bright explosion and corkscrew trail across the sky then darkness again and stars. There was a defect above the island, a figure dropping swiftly beneath a parachute, a figure that hung with dangling limbs. (Golding 95).QuoteSimon What I mean is maybe its only us (Golding 120).In the Lord of the Flies, much of the boys trouble is due to the beast on the island. In this quote, Simon explains his feeling that the beast is within the boys themselves. After all, touch in the beast first came from the worries of a littlun. As Simon attempts to convey, the contents of the boys minds and hearts are the most destructive, and perhaps only, beastly thing on the island. The group later on rejects the idea that civilized English boys could possibly be compared to beasts. The boys denial of their own power is later contrasted to their vicious search for it, such as when Jack becomes the main physical threat on the island.To Simon and the readers, the beast becomes a symbol for the dark side of human ability dangerous, savage, and uncontrollable. Jacks tribe members become cognise even to the boys as savages, the closest man comes to beasts of nature. The beast can also refer to human nature mans ability to lose his world and instead be controlled by fear, ignorance, and evil. The more they boys try to pro tect themselves from an external beast, the more they themselves embody the symbol by the qualities they possess.

The possible approaches towards differentiated eLearning

Differentiated direction ( or several(predicate)iated learnedness ) involves supplying learners with dissimilar avenues to geting sum to processing, building, or doing sense of thoughts and to developing knowledge stuffs so that all scholars within a schoolroom cornerstone larn efficaciously, irrespective of differences in ability.Research indicates that many of the emotional or societal troubles endow pupils experience disappear when their educational climes atomic number 18 adapted to their degree and gait of acquisition. differentiation in instruction can besides include how a pupil shows that they perplex command of a construct. This could be with a research paper, function drama, podcast, diagram, posting, etc. The key is happening how your pupils learn and displays their acquisition that meets their specific demands.Differentiation normally includes one or more of the undermentioned countriesA. Content Is what pupils learn Includes curriculum subjects or const ructs Reflects province or national criterions Presents indispensable facts and accomplishments Differentiates by pre-assessing pupil accomplishments and apprehensions, so fiting scholars with appropriate activities Provides pupils with plonks in order to add deepness to larning Provides pupils with extra resources that match their degrees of understandingB. Procedure Is how pupils learn Refers to how pupils make sense or understand the information, thoughts, and accomplishments being studied Reflects pupil larning manners and penchants Varies the acquisition procedure depending upon how pupils learnC. Product Is the terminal consequence of pupil acquisition Tends to be touchable studies, trials, booklets, addresss, skits Reflects pupil understanding Differentiates by supplying challenge, sorting, and pickWhat is distinction direction?In this context when distinction is discussed, it is non about merchandise distinction by larning bringing location, as in intercrossed eLearning content compared to to the full online classs and/or cyberschools ( issue Leadership Institute, 2005 ) . Nor is it about distinction in clip, as in synchronal and asynchronous acquisition. Rather, in e-diff, one of three types of fitting is normally involved ( Hall, 2002 Reis et al. , 1988 Sizer, 2001 Tomlinson, 2001 Tomlinson & A Allan, 2000 Tomlinson & A McTighe, 2006 Willis & A Mann, 2000 ) 1. Differentiation of content Offer pupils the opportunity to get down at different topographic points in the course of study and/or proceed at different gaits.2. Differentiation of larning manner attack Stressing many modes of larning manner or larning penchant, such as ocular and audile scholars.3. Differentiation of merchandise Giving different assignments to different pupils, and turn in different work merchandises.III. DIFFERENTIATION INeLEARNINGTechnology to do content alteration on the fly is rather simple online. It can be every bit straightforward as hypertext markup la nguage cryptography and back-end databases. The challenge is non in the bringing applied science itself, but in set uping good logic for distinction if we are traveling to distinguish, how do we make up ones mind who gets what? Here we organize the about common e-diff schemes, based on what type of decision-making procedure and grounds is used to set up the accommodation picks.Approachs can besides be combined, or blended, in eLearning merchandises. Some of the possible commonplace attacks are Diffuse attacks to distinction, in which pupils receive the same content but have multiple chances for acquisition and are provided with different attacks for doing sense of thoughts planfully diffused throughout the content.Autonomous attacks, in which pupils receive different content by a mechanism of self-selection built in the content. This introduces distinction through pupil pick.Naive distinction, in which the computing machine is finding the class of distinction, non the user, no specific program or overall scheme is in topographic point in the eLearning content for why distinction is go oning, or what it is intended to intend in the acquisition context.Boolean distinction, in which package uses types of Boolean logic, such as rule-based models or determination trees, to find how to set content for different pupils.Model-based distinction, in which adept sentiment is combined with a assortment of informations mining techniques to bring forth thoughts for how content capability be suitably differentiated.Language based distinction, in which the pupils from different cultural backgrounds can be benefitted. This is based on the distinction in the circumscribe of stuffs to be delivered.Differences in the attacks1.In diffuse distinction, there is no direct purpose to measure or fit the demands of single users, or to custom-make content or feedback, as all pupils receive the same content. But adequate assortment and different beginnings of stimulation are pr ovided to involvement and move diverse audiences. This is a really common attack to differentiated direction in a traditional schoolroom learning puting. The hope is that with adequate assortment provided, everyone s demands can be addressed.2.The 2nd scheme, self distinction, allows pupils to choose their personal picks as they work their manner through on-line content. This can dwell of merely choosing the order of completion among a fixed bill of fare of larning activities or faculties, or can let much more scope of pick. The courseware design determines where pick points are. Self distinction is besides really common in on-line content.3.NaA?ve distinction comes about about unwittingly in many eLearning merchandises. It involves altering split of content in a more random manner, non based on the specific demands of single pupils, but merely revolving content and artworks so that screens have different images, representations and so forth each clip viewed. This might affect a randomizing factor or a shuffle map. Though diffuse and autonomous schemes can be rather consistent with improved larning aims of differentiated direction, it can be harder to do the instance for naA?ve distinction. Additions in motive and battle as acquisition shows change, for case, are difficult to reason for if the same pupil merely sees one of the shows.4.The following scheme, Boolean distinction, uses assessment grounds to alter the flow of content for different pupils. Boolean here merely describes logic that computing machines use to find if a statement is true of false. Main Boolean operators include and, non and or. Operators get used with a series of regulations to depict what happens with the content as pupils make their results. There are many differentiations among different rule-based methods, including assorted be aftering agents, bug bases and chaining algorithms. But the thought is that a set of regulations have been devised, frequently by really carefully a nalyzing many pupils.These rule-based boolean methods make up whatsoever of the oldest physical bodys of e-diff. The simplest types look like a checklist of larning aims. Students go down the list and finish the aims. If they successfully complete 1 AND 2, they go onto 3, for case. But 1 and NOT 2 and possibly the pupil is redirected to 2A, or presumption some extra feedback or other larning intercession that go throughing pupils do nt acquire. Rule based methods can take much more luxuriant signifiers, and have been in really powdered ways to depict the battalion of constructs and misconceptions pupils hold in certain capable affair countries, and what to make about them.5.The following signifier of e-diff, model-based, is really a big household of attacks that will be grouped together here for the interest of treatment. Some of the attacks are among the newer e-diff signifiers and others have been around for some clip. Most use some signifier of adept sentiment, including from instructors and other capable affair experts, combined with informations mining to bring forth thoughts about how content might be differentiated. Common data excavation techniques include a assortment of arrested development and Gaussian statistical theoretical accounts, Bayesian webs, nervous webs, point response theoretical accounts, and assorted method attacks that combine quantitative and qualitative informations to do interpretative or productive anticipations.6.The concluding signifier of e-diff is, language-based in which the same contents are provided to the pupils in different possible linguistic communications of apprehension.On the plus side, information excavation attacks can be faster and easier than deducing complex rule-based signifiers. anyways they can let anticipations to be compared to existent pupil larning informations to ticket melody theoretical accounts. However, the inquiry frequently is which theoretical account to utilize, and why. Besides important in t he instance of eLearning is whether the theoretical account truly is making an appropriate occupation of stating you something about pupils.III.CONCLUSIONDevelopers are constructing more distinction into eLearning merchandises, admiting that people have multiple waies for acquisition and for doing sense of thoughts. But distinction via engineering is complex. There are legion attacks that have rather different executions and consequences, as can be seen by the general schemes described here. As the field matures and developers explore more ways to distinguish online, it is of import that non-disclosure understandings and other rational belongings issues do nt close down the confabulation about what these merchandises are making, and how they are making it. So, certain, allow s all be different but allow s happen some common land to speak about these of import attacks to differentiation online.IV.REFERENCES I Hall, T. ( 2002 ) . Differentiated direction. Retrieved November, 2006, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.cast.org/publications/ncac/ncac_diffinstruc.html II Parshall, C. G. , Stewart, R. , Ritter, J. ( 1996, April ) . Inventions Sound, Graphics, and Alternative Response Modes. Paper presented at the National Council on Measurement in Education, New York. III Reis, S. M. , Kaplan, S. N. , Tomlinson, C. A. , Westbert, K. L. , Callahan, C. M. , & A Cooper, C. R. ( 1988 ) . How the encephalon learns, A response Equal does non intend indistinguishable. Educational Leadership, 56 ( 3 ) . IV Tomlinson, C. A. ( 2001 ) . How to distinguish direction in mixed-ability schoolrooms ( 2nd ed. ) . Alexandria, VA ASCD. V Tomlinson, C. A. , & A Allan, S. D. ( 2000 ) . Leadership for distinguishing schools and schoolrooms. Alexandria, VA ASCD. VI Tomlinson, C. A. , & A McTighe, J. ( 2006 ) . Integrating Differentiated Instruction +Understanding by picture Connecting Content and Kids. Alexandria, VA Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. VI I Turker, A. , Gorgun, I. , & A Conlan, O. ( 2006 ) . The Challenge of Content Creation to Facilitate Personalized E-Learning Experiences. International Journal on ELearning, 5 ( 1 ) , 11-17.

Btk Killer Dennis Radar

BTK KILLER DENNIS RADAR Dennis Radar also greetn as the BTK Killer was born on work on 9, 1945 to William Elvin Radar and Dorothea Mae Cook he was the oldest of their four children he was born in Pittsburg Kansas he grew up in Wichita and attended Riverview School and later graduated from Wichita heights High School, according to several(prenominal) reports for him as a child made some confessions that he tortured animals, he also had a sexual juju for womens underwear he would later start stealing pan repulsions from his victims and wearing them.Dennis Radar attended Kansas Wesleyan University from 1965-1966 then he spent four yrs in the U. S. Air Force from 1966- 1970. In 1973 he attended Butler County Community College where he earned his associates degree in electronics and in the fall he went to Wichita kingdom University he graduated with his Bachelors degree in 1979. Dennis Radar later on in life married a lady named Paula Dietz on May 22, 1971 they then had star son and one daughter. Dennis Radar worked as a assembler for a Coleman Company from 1972-1973 which was a camping gear house where he has two of his early victims.He then work for a short time at a place named Cessna in 1973, then from November 1974 until be fired in July 1988 Dennis Radar worked for a security company that not only installed but also sold alarms for homes as well as businesses he many other jobs but one that was bad is that Dennis Radar started working as a supervisor for Compliance Department at common land city where he was in charge of animal control, zoning, housing problems, and a variety of nuisance cases while in this position his neighbors where he had euthanized her dog for no occasion on March 2, 2005, the Park City council terminated Radars employment for failing to report to work due to him world arrested for some murders that he was accused for five days early.Radar served as not only a Animal Control but also a Board of regularise appeals where he was appointed in 1996 and resigned in 1988. On July 27. 2005 Radars was arrested by adjudicate Eric Yost who also waved a 60 day waiting purpose and granted immediate divorce from his wife Radar did a not contest for the divorce after 33 yrs due to her mental health being in danger not only mental but also physically from their marriage. Dennis Radar had several victims that he had killed. On January 15, 1974 he killed four members from the Otero family he killed Joseph Otero, Julie Otero his wife, Joseph Otero II his son, and Josephine Otero his daughter. On April 4, 1974 he killedKathryn Bright he also shot her brother Kevin twice but he survived. On March 17, 1977 he killed Shirley Vian. On December 8, 1977 he killed Nancy Fox. On April 27, 1985 he killed Marine Hedge. On September 16, 1986 he killed Vickie Wegerle, and then on January 19, 1991 he killed Delores Davis. One of his victims Anna Williams 63 who in 1979 take flight death by returning home much later then he expected her to come home. He later on wrote a earn that he knew would get him a lot of attention here is the letter I find the newspaper not writing about the poem on Vain unamusing. A little paragraph would have enough. I know it not the media fault.The Police Chief he keep things quiet, and doesnt let the public know there a psycho running around lose strangling mostly women, there 7 in the ground who will be conterminous? How many do I have to Kill before I get a name in the paper or some internal attention does the cop think that all those deaths are not related? Golly -gee, yes the M. O. is different in each, but look a pattern is developing. The victims are tie up-most have been women-phone cut- bring some bondage mater sadist tendencies-no struggle, outside the death spot-no witness except the Vains Kids. They were very lucky a phone call return them. I was going to tape the boys and put plastics bag oer there head like I did Joseph, and Shirley. And then hang the girl. God-oh G od what a fine-looking sexual relief that would been.Josephine when I hung her really turn me on her pleading for mercy then the rope took whole, she helpless staring at me with wide scare fill eyes the rope getting tighter-tighter. You dont understand these things because your not under the influence of factor x). The same thing that made Son of Sam, Jack the Ripper, Havery Glatman, capital of Massachusetts Strangler, Dr. H. H. Holmes Panty Hose Strangler OF Florida, Hillside Strangler, Ted of the West Coast and many more infamous character kill. Which seem s senseless, but we cannot help it. There is no help, no cure, except death or being caught and put away. It a terrible nightmare but, you see I dont lose any sleep over it.After a thing like Fox I come home and go about life like anyone else. And I will be like that until the urge hit me again. It not continuous and I dont have a lot of time. It takes time to set a kill, one mistake and it all over. Since I about blew it on t he phone-handwriting is out-letter guide is so long and typewriter can be traced to my short poem of death and maybe a drawing later on real picture and maybe a tape of the sound will come your way. How will you know me before a murder or murders you will receive a copy of the initials B. T. K. you keep that copy the original will show up someday guesswho? Because Rader did not contest his guilt, most evidence was not tested in hook.However, physical and circumstantial facts that would have corroborated Rader as the BTK killer include DNA analysis of BTKs semen and clobber taken from underneath the fingernails of victim Vicki Wegerle match the DNA profile of Dennis Rader. Raders grammar and writing style matches letters and poems received from BTK, though none of his communications were handwritten, but typed, stenciled, stamped with a stamp set or computer generated. A pay phone that the killer used to report a murder in 1977 was located a few blocks from ADT Security (Raders wor kplace at the time). Rader had attended Wichita State University in the 1970s. Wichita Police Detective Arlyn G.Smith II and his partner George Scantlin traced BTKs photocopied communications to two xerox machines, one at Wichita State University and a second copier at the Wichita Public Library. BTK murder victim Kathryn Brights brother Kevin, who was shot twice by BTK killer. Rader lived on the same street as Marine Hedge, just houses away. The BTK killers other victims were in and around central Wichita, except for his final victim Dolores (Dee) Davis, who lived a half-mile east of Park City. Two of the victims (Julie Otero and Kathryn Bright) worked at the Coleman Company, though not during the same period that Rader worked there. Rader worked at Coleman only a short time and not at the same reparation as the victims. Raders 16 plus hour confession, given fully and freely after receiving multiple Miranda warnings and recorded on over 20 DVDs, in which he alluded to all 10 cog nise murders in remarkable (and grisly) detail. Semen found on Josephine Otero or near the bodies of his victims Josephine Otero, Shirley Vian and Nancy Fox was critical evidence linking Rader to the crimes, and DNA obtained from fingernail scrapings of Vicki Wegerles left hand matched Raders DNA, eliminating any doubt that he was her murderer. Other cold cases in Kansas were reopened to see if Raders DNA matched crime scenes but Raders confession was limited to the 10 known victims and police and prosecutors do not believe there were any more victims because of the extensive records and memorabilia he kept on each of his victims.He later got caught and had several charges put against him here is just some of the charges he got against him On February 28, 2005, Rader was formally charged with 10 counts of first degree. He made his first appearance via television conference from jail. He was represented by a public defender. Bail was continued at $10 million. On May 3, District Cou rt Judge Gregory Waller entered not guilty pleas to the 10 charges on Raders behalf, as Rader did not speak at his arraignment. On June 27, the scheduled trial date, Rader changed his plea to guilty. He unemotionally set forth the murders in detail, and made no apologies. On supercilious 18, Rader faced sentencing. Victims families made statements, followed by Rader, who apologized for the crimes.He was sentenced to 10 consecutive life terms, which requires a minimum of one hundred seventy-five years without a chance of parole. Because Kansas had no death penalty at the time the murders were committed, life imprisonment was the maximum penalty allowed by law. On August 19, Rader was moved from the Sedgwick County Jail to the El Dorado Correctional Facility a Kansas State Prison to begin serving his life sentence as inmate 0083707 with an earlier possible release date of February 26, 2180. According to witnesses, while travelling the 40-minute drive from Wichita to El Dorado, Rade r talked about innocuous topics such as the weather, but began to cry when the victims families statements from the court proceedings came on the radio.Rader is now being held in the EDCF Special Management unit, also known as solitary confinement for the inmates own protection, a designation he most likely will retain for the remainder of his incarceration. He is confined to the cell 23 hours a day with the exception of self-imposed solo one-hour exercise yard time, and access to the shower three times per week. Beginning April 23, 2006, having reached Incentive Level Two, Rader has been allowed to purchase and watch television, purchase and take care to the radio, receive and read magazines, and have other privileges for good behavior. The victims families disagreed with this decision. According to Raders record in the Kansas Department of Corrections database, he had a Class Two disciplinary report concerning mail on April 10, 2006.

Legitimacy Theory Essay

genuineness is a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity ar desirable, proper, or appropriate within to a greater extent or less genially constructed system of norms, nurses, beliefs, and definitions (Suchman, 1995, p. 574, tenseness in original) Legitimacy surmisal has become one of the well-nigh cited theories within the kind and environmental accounting atomic number 18a. Yet on that point remains deep scepticism amongst many researchers that it offers any real insight into the voluntary disclosures of potentiometers. This brief paper outlines responses to dickens specific concerns identified in the literature. It leave alone eventually form part of a much larger project addressing a range of issues associated with authenticity opening.First, the paper brings some of the more recent developments in the management and ethical literature on genuineness and corporations to the accounting table. Second, there are contributions to the theory that have already been make by accounting researchers that are yet to be fully recognised. The author believes that authenticity theory does offer a powerful mechanism for collar voluntary social and environmental disclosures made by corporations, and that this understanding would provide a vehicle for engaging in critical public debate.The problem for genuineness theory in contributing to our understanding of accounting disclosure specifically, and as a theory in general, is that the term has on occasion been used fairly loosely. This is not a problem of the theory itself, and the observation could be equally applied to a range of theories in a range of disciplines (see for example Caudill (1997) on the abuse of Evolutionary Theory).Failure to adequately specify the theory has been identified by Suchman (1995, p. 572, emphasis in original), who observed that Many researchers employ the term legitimacy, but few define it. Hybels (1995, p. 241) comments that As the tradesmen sic of social science have groped to build elaborate theoretical structures with which to shelter their careers anddisciplines, legitimation has been a blind mans hammer. This paper begins to address these issues.Not angiotensin-converting enzyme Theory but Two (at least)An important issue which needs to be acknowledged is that there are in fact two major classes of legitimacy theory. These are graphically presented in common fig 1 below. The macro-theory of legitimation, known as Institutional LegitimacyTheory, deals with how organisational structures as a whole (capitalism for example, or government) have gained betrothal from indian lodge at large. Within this tradition, legitimacy and institutionalization are virtually synonymous. Both phenomena empower organizations primarily by making them seem natural and meaningful (Suchman, 1995, p. 576, emphasis in original).In terms of accounting research, habituated the time frames involved and questions chiefly being considered, the c urrent business environment, including the capitalist structure, democratic government, etc. are generally taken as a given, a static context within which the research is situated. This assumption would, however, need to be carefully considered for a longitudinal study of any signifi elicitt length. Figure 1 Layers of Legitimacy TheoryINSTITUTIONAL LEVELGOVERNMENT RELIGION SOCIETY CAPITALISMORGANISATIONAL LEVEL(IN THIS slip of paper COMPANY LTD BY SHARE)Establishment Defence Extension aidFrom the Moral to the MeasurableOne layer down from the Institutional Level is what in Figure 1 is called the Organisational Level (sometimes referred to as Strategic Legitimacy Theory). Underlying organizational legitimacy is a process, legitimation, by which an organization seeks approval (or avoidance of sanction) from groups in society (Kaplan and Ruland, 1991, p. 370).It is from this levelthat most accounting research tends to draw its understanding of legitimacy. Mathews (1993, p. 350) provi des a good definition of legitimacy at this level Organisations seek to establish congruousness between the social values associated with or implied by their activities and the norms of acceptable behaviour in the larger social system in which they are a part. In so far as these two value systems are congruent we can speak of organisational legitimacy.When an actual or potential disparity exists between the two value systems there depart exist a scourge to organisational legitimacy. At its simplest, within the Organisational view legitimacy is an operational resource that organizations extract often competitively from their cultural environments and that they employ in pursuit of their goals (Suchman, 1995, p. 575 6, emphasis in original). Legitimacy, just like money, is a resource a business requires in order to operate. accepted actions and events increase that legitimacy, and others decrease it. Low legitimacy will have particularly dire consequences for an organisation, wh ich could ultimately lead to the forfeiture of their right to operate.Although we can describe a household as being legitimate, and conceive of amounts of legitimacy, it becomes a very subjective exercise to try and directly measure legitimacy. Although it has concrete consequences, legitimacy itself is an abstract concept, given reality by multiple actors in the social environment. For a researcher to try and directly establish, or even rank, the legitimacy of various organisations would seem to be a necessarily subjective undertaking, preferencing the researchers own views. As Hybels (1995, p. 243) argues, I reject this view because it is based on a conflation of the roles of observer and actor in social science.As an alternative, rather than trying to subjectively measure a firms legitimacy directly it can preferably be inferred from the fact that being legitimate enables organizations to attract resources necessary for survival (e.g., scarce materials, patronage, policy-maki ng approval) (Hearit, 1995, p. 2). Hybels (1995, p. 243) develops this in some detailLegitimacy often has been conceptualized as simply one of many resources that organizations mustiness obtain from their environments. But rather than viewing legitimacy as something that is exchanged among institutions, legitimacy is unwrap conceived as both(prenominal) part of the context for exchange anda by- result of exchange. Legitimacy itself has no material form. It exists only as a symbolic representation of the collective military rank of an institution, as evidenced to both observers and participants perhaps most convincingly by the flow of resources. resources must have symbolic import to function as value in social exchange. But legitimacy is a higher-order representation of that symbolism a representation of representations. Hybels (1995, p. 243) argues that good models in legitimacy theory must try on the relevant stakeholders, and how Each influences the flow of resources crucia l to the organizations establishment, growth, and survival, either through direct control or by the communication of good will. He identifies (p. 244) quartet critical organisational stakeholders, separately of which control a deed of resources.These are summarised in Table 1 below. Table 1 overcritical Organisational Stakeholder STAKEHOLDER RESOURCES CONTROLLED Contracts, grants, legislation, regulation, tax (Note that the (1) The state farthermost three of these could be either a negative or positive depending on the implementation) (2) The public (3) The financial community (4) The media Few direct resources however, can easily influence the decisions of stakeholders (2) & (3) (if not (1)) Patronage (as customer), support (as community interest), labour InvestmentThe die of these has received considerable attention. The power of the media has been noted by a number of researchers, including Patten (2002, p. 153), who states that while increased media attention can certainl y lead to the potential for increased pressures from any of the three sources dissatisfaction of public new or proposed political action increased regulatory worry, increases in pressure canalso arise, particularly with respect to regulatory oversight. See also Deegan et al. (2000, 2002). Companies try to manage their legitimacy because it helps to ensure the continued inflow of capital, labour and customers necessary for viabilityIt also forestalls regulatory activities by the state that might occur in the absence of legitimacy and pre-empts product boycotts or other disruptive actions by external parties By mitigating these potential problems, organizational legitimacy provides managers with a degree of autonomy to decide how and where business will be conducted (Neuet al., 1998, p. 265).Researchers need to move away from trying to directly assess legitimacy, and instead focus on measuring it in terms of the resources relevant stakeholders provide. kind of than engage in the fur ther development of entirely abstract constructions of the legitimation process researchers should investigate the flow of resources from organizational constituencies as well as the digit and content of communications (Hybels, 1995, p. 244).But Wait Theres MoreAs shown in Figure 1 Organisational Legitimacy Theory suggests that a firm whitethorn be in one of four phases with regard to its legitimacy. These phases are outlined below, some examples of industries/firms that might be considered to be operating in each of these phases are included (further research needs to be undertaken in this area). Establishing Legitimacy. (E.g. Stem Cell based bio-tech).This first phase represents the early stages of a firms development and tends to revolve around issues of competence, particularly financial, but the organisation must be aware of socially constructed standards of quality and desirability as well as perform in accordance with accepted standards of professionalism (Hearit, 1995, p. 2). Maintaining Legitimacy. (The majority of organisations). This is the phase that most firms would generally expect to be operating in, where their activities include (1) ongoing role death penalty and symbolic assurances that all is well, and (2) attempts to anticipate and prevent or forestall potential challenges to legitimacy (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 183). until now the maintenance of legitimacy is not aseasy as it may at first come in. Legitimacy is a dynamic construct. Community expectations are not considered static, but rather, change across time thereby requiring organisations to be responsive to the environment in which they operate. An organisation could, accepting this view, lose its legitimacy even if it has not changed its activities from activities which were previously deemed acceptable (legitimate) (Deegan et al., 2002, p. 319 20). Extending Legitimacy. (E.g. Alternative Health Providers). There may come a point where an organisation enters new markets or c hanges the way it relates to its current market.This can give rise to a need to extendlegitimacy which is apt to be intense and proactive as management attempts to win the confidence and support of wary potential constituents (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 180). Defending Legitimacy. (E.g. Uranium Mining). Legitimacy may be threatened by an incident (internal or external), and therefore require defence. Legitimation activities tend to be intense and reactive as management attempts to tabulator the threat (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 183).Even barring a major incident it is likely in the Western Capitalist system that almost every corporation will regularly need to defend its legitimacy, by the mere fact that corporations must fulfil both a competence and community requirement to realize legitimacy Satisfaction of stockholder interests often occurs at the expense of community concerns (e.g., the despoiling of the environment, the use of labour) while, conversely, responsibility to the larger community often occurs at the expense of the stockholder (Hearit, 1995, p. 3).It is this last phase that has tended to be the main focus of accounting researchers. It also provides us with the clearest opportunity to examine the crucial link between legitimacy and resources. Lindblom (1994), a fundamental paper cited by many Social and Environmental method of accounting researchers, also seems relevant specifically to this phase only. An example of work in this area is Deegan et al.s (2000) study of five major incidents (including the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Bhopal Disaster) which provided a context to examine the annual reports of related (in industrial terms) Australian firms to see if there had been a significant change in their social or environmental reporting.They concluded The results of this study are consistent with legitimacy theory and show that companies do appear to change their disclosure policiesaround the time of major company and industry related so cial events. These results highlight the strategic nature of voluntary social disclosures and are consistent with a view that management considers that annual report social disclosures are a useful device to reduce the effects upon a corporation of events that are perceived to be unfavourable to a corporations image (Deegan et al., 2000, p. 127).The Diagnosis Needs RefinementThis is where the traditional legitimacy model stops. However my ownresearch, into the tobacco industry, Tilling (2004), and that of other researchers, including experimental research undertaken by ODonovan (2002), suggest a further development of the Organisational Legitimacy Level, as depict in Figure 2 below. Added to the model is the possibility that a firm may not successfully (or may be unable to) defend the threat to its legitimacy and actually start to lose legitimacy. Figure 2 Refinement of the Organisational Level of Legitimacy TheoryEstablishment LossDefence Disestablishment ExtensionMaintenanceIn t his model the defence phase is usually entered by an organisation after some form of one-off incident or accident which threatens its legitimacy. This phase could be characterised as being acute, it can be serious, some times even fatal, but usually, with proper management, the organisation can maintain, or at least recover, its legitimacy. However should there be an ongoing series of events,indicative of a systemic issue, e.g. the nuclear power industry, or a single event with unceasing consequences which cannot be effectively managed, e.g. realisation that the organisations product is not safe such as the tobacco industry, an organisation is likely to have its legitimacy eroded over a period of time (the loss phase), which can be characterised as chronic. The issue can be difficult to manage, and generally leads to declining legitimacy, however the loss may be managed and slowed over a long period of time, or significant change could lead to reestablishment of legitimacy.The loss phase is most likely to be preceded by sustained media and NGO scrutiny, and accompanied by increasing government regulation, monitoring and possibly taxation. Within this phase there are likely to be periods where the company will increase its voluntary social and environmental disclosure in an effort to meet specific threats (such as to give in or defeat proposed regulations) or to communicate systemic corporate change(similar to the defence phase). However, with each new restriction average total disclosure can be expected to decrease.This idea is alluded to by ODonovan (2002) who argues, based on experimental evidence, that the lower the perceived legitimacy of the organisation, the less likely it is to bother providing social and environmental disclosure.Watch This SpaceLegitimacy theory offers researchers, and the wider public, a way to critically unpack corporate disclosures. However the understanding and study of the theory must become more sophisticated, drawing on develo pments both within the accounting literature and beyond. Only then will the full potential of legitimacy theory for examining a wide range of disclosures be fully realised. Areas that would provide useful insights include at the moment the asbestos industry (as it goes through the disestablisment phase), brothels (as they become much more legitimate within the Australian context), and the forestry industry (as it tries to defend its legitimacy), to name but a few.The knowledge gained will then be used to provide better and more useful information to inform decision making by stakeholders. In this way society is empowered to have greater control and oversight over the way resources are allocated.ReferencesAshford, B. E. and B. W. Gibbs (1990) The Double-Edge of Organizational Legitimation, Organization Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 177 194. Caudill, E. (1997) Darwinian Myths The Legends and Misuses of a Theory, Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press. Deegan, C., M. Rankin and J. Tob in (2002) An Examination of the Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosures of BHP from 1983-1997 A runnel of Legitimacy Theory, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 312 343. Deegan, C., M. Rankin and P. Voght (2000) Firms Disclosure Reactions to Major Social Incidents Australian Evidence, Accounting Forum, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 101 130. Hearit, K. M. (1995)Mistakes Were Made Organizations, Apologia, and Crises of Social Legitimacy, Communication Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1-2, pp. 1 17. Hybels, R. C. (1995) On Legitimacy, Legitimation, and Organizations A Critical Review and Integrative Theoretical Model, Academy of ManagementJournal, Special Issue crush Papers Proceedings, 1995, pp. 241 245. Kaplan, S. E. and R. G. Ruland (1991) Positive Theory, Rationality and Accounting Regulation, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 361 374. Lindblom, C. K. (1994), The Implications of Organizational Legitimacy for Corporate Social Performanc e and Disclosure, Critical Perspectives on Accounting Conference, New York. Mathews, M. R. (1993) Socially Responsible Accounting, UK, Chapman & Hall.Neu, D., H. Warsame and K. Pedwell (1998) Managing Public Impressions Environmental Disclosures in Annual incubates, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 265 282. ODonovan, G. (2002) Environmental Disclosures in the Annual Report Extending the Applicability and Predictive Power of Legitimacy Theory, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 344 371. Patten, D. M. (2002)Media Exposure, Public Policy Pressure, and Environmental Disclosure An Examination of the Impact of Tri Data Availability, Accounting Forum, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 152 171. Suchman, M. C. (1995) Managing Legitimacy Strategic and Institutional Approaches, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 571 610. Tilling, M. (2004), Communication at the Edge Voluntary Social and Environmental Reporting in the Annual Report of a Legitimacy Threatened Corporation. APIRA Conference Proceedings, Singapore, July.

Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay

Abstraction deoxycytidine monophosphate monoxide is a colourless, odorless, harmful gas whose primary start-off indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. Carbon Monoxide is the some toxic which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the indivi forked short inwardly proceedingss.The chieftain purpose of this thesis is to develop a system to regain the cosmos of C monoxide inside a elevator car, due the malfunctioning of the air conditioner and to supply an exigency mechanization to avoid either build-up of C monoxide gas. The mechanization involves uninterrupted supervise of CO microscope stages and triping relays to run the exigency system, when CO degrees reach a high assess.The GSM engineering can be apply when a vehicle met with an accident, instantly the location, vehicle figure, individual to reach figure, reference and the medical history will be transferred to the nearest aid desk.Keywords Carbon monoxide, MQ-7 sensing element, Microcontr oller AT89s51, GSM engineeringIntroductionCarbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. The job that we are seeking to get the better of is Carbon Monoxide passing water in a auto. When the air-conditioner malfunctions, there is a CO leak, which can be risky, sing that most of the autos are air-conditioned. In the event of people acquiring stuck in the auto during a CO leak, it could turn out fatal, as this gas is really toxic. It mixes with the haemoglobin in blood and signifiers carboxy-hemoglobin, which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss.The molecule consists of a C atom that is triply bonded to an O atom. Carbon monoxide is a commercially of import chemical. It is anyhow formed in many a(prenominal) chemical reactions and in the thermal or uncomplete decomposition of many organic stuffs.Dangerous sums of CO can roll up when as a significa tion of hapless installing, hapless care or failure or harm to an contraption in service, the fuel is non burned decently, or when suites are ill freshen and Carbon Monoxide is unable to get away. Having no odor, gustatory sensation or coloring material, in today s universe of improved insularity and dual glazing it has become progressively of import to hold good airing, maintain all contraptions on a regular basis and to hold perfectly dependable demodulator dismaies installed giving both a ocular and hearable warning instantly there is a build up of CO to unsafe degrees.1.1 The effects of Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide toxicants by come ining the lungs via the normal external respiration mechanism and displacing O from the blood stream. Break of the normal supply of O puts at guess the maps of the bosom, encephalon and other critical maps of the organic structure.Carbon Monoxide produces the undermentioned physiological effects on people exposed to the concentrations shownTable No 1.1 Safety DegreesThe preceding(prenominal) information is for a healthy grownup. Persons enduring from bosom or respiratory wellness jobs, babies and little kids, unborn kids, anticipant female parents and pets can be abnormal by CO poisoning more rapidly than others in the family and may be the first to demo symptoms.1.2 Corrective ActionEvacuate & gt Ventilate & gt look intoTravel the affected individual to fresh air.A Administer O if available.Contact medical aid.If the individual is non eupneic, perform unreal respiration as taught in cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training until medical aid arrives.Vent the country.Investigate the beginning of C monoxide and do fixs.The most of import thing that one can make to nourish oneself and one s household from the dangers of Carbon Monoxide toxic condition is by acquiring a Carbon Monoxide Sensor Alarm with a low degree powerfulness. If one can suit a sensor one can at least be certain, holding carried out all the about prev entative cheques, that he is protected.1.3 EMERGING TechnologyDae-Eun Park, Taegyu Kimb, Sejin Kwon, Choong-Ki Kima, Euisik Yoon, ( 3 ) presents the Successful execution, Micromachined methanol steam reforming system as a H provider for portable proton exchange tissue layer fuel cells , In this paper, a fresh hydrogen-supplying device for fuel cells has been designed, fabricated, and demonst browsed. The proposed H provider is a micromachined one-chip fuel processing system including vaporiser, catalytic combustor and methyl inebriant steam reformist. This fuel processing system utilizes the thermic might generated from the catalytic H burning to heat up the full system. For the catalytic burning, we have introduced C nanotubes as a encouraging construction of Pt flatulence for the first clothe. We have besides developed a newfangled surfacing method of reforming accelerator ( Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 ) and observed that equal sum of H can be generated for PEM fuel cells. We have success fully reported the feasibleness of the proposed fuel processing system. hand-held laser-based detector for distant sensing of toxic and risky gases ( 7 ) . A new optical tool, which will assist petrochemical refinery and chemical processing fixs forces go under the beginning of a toxic or risky gas leak while staying outside the margin of the processing country, has been demonstrated. This detector is capable of turn uping leaks from a distance of about 20 m, with a response clip of less than 1 2nd. By heightening the velocity with which leaks can be located, the hazard of an early failure going a ruinous failure is reduced significantly. The tool is based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS ) .TDLAS is presently macrocosm utilized in these industrial environments in permanently-installed open-path constellations to feel releases of selected gases as they exit the processing country. The detector described here combines a lightweight, portable optical transc eiver with battery-operated electronics in a individual handheld bundle. By standing in a safe country and polishing the eye-safe optical maser beam emanating from this device onto suspected leak beginnings, operators may quickly insulate the beginning while minimising their possible exposure to the jeopardy. The detector can be configured to feel leaks ensuing in path-integrated concentrations of, for illustration, 2 ppm-m of H fluoride, 200 ppm-m of H sulphide, or 10 ppm-m of methane.Dr. Stetter s ( 4 ) says, The new detector utilizing a nano-particulate composite plastic for electronic conductivity within the detectors cell wall. It is astonishing what such an invention does for the detector interior decorator, comments Dr. Stetter. To be able to plan a detector with no wires or connections to the electrodes eliminates the major beginning of detector failure over clip. With the new nanotechnology enabled T-Series detectors, a bantam low-cost bundle that is more robust is the consequence.Vishad Patel, Senior Engineer of Transducer Technology, Inc. says, In add-on to leting the new bantam detector design, we get to do radical low profile level detectors with fewer fabrication stairss. All of these characteristics may be great for utilize scientists but the client besides benefits to a great extent from this new attack to sensor merchandises.The first detector attempted with the nanotechnology was a CO C monoxide detector. The consequences are astonishing, high public presentation CO detectors, even better public presentation specifications, like response clip and stableness, than most of the bing detectors. The EMI intervention appears to be less than the current offerings for CO detectors besides. This means the client can freely plan bantam, rugged, accurate, and low power CO metres that are guaranteed to run in a broad assortment of environments and applications.J.Ayala, Donald.P.Eckman, Evangelous Petroutsos ( 9 ) says, Micro Controller 8951 . A microcontroller ( besides MCU or AC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort utilize in a Personal computer ) . In add-on to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general intent microprocessor, the microcontroller normally besides integrates extra elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces.1.4. Block DiagramCO gas detectorGSM ModemRS 232Door Locking/Unlocking Unit of measurementSignal ConditionerAT89S51Driving perimeterA detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a CO gas by bring forthing another type of energy signal. The Sensor that we use in the trade union movement is MQ-7.A signal conditioner is a device that converts one type of electronic signal into another type of signal. Its primary usage is to change over a signal that may be hard to read by conventional instrumentality into a more easy read form at. In executing this mutation a figure of maps may give birth topographic point. They includeAmplificationElectrical IsolationLinearizationCold Junction CompensationExcitementA microcontroller ( besides MCU or AC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort apply in a Personal computer ) . Microcontrollers are often used in automatically controlled merchandises and devices, such as car engine control systems, office machines, contraptions, power tools, and playthings. By cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion compared to a design utilizing a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically command many more procedures.In telecommunications, RS-232 ( Recommended Standard 232 ) is a criterion for consecutive binary informations signals linking between a DTE ( Data terminal equipment ) and a DCE ( Dat a Circuit-terminating Equipment ) . It is normally used in computing machine series ports.A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM radio web. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The chief difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives informations through and through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives informations through wireless moving ridges.A GSM modem can be an external device or a Personal computer display board / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computing machine through a consecutive overseas telegram or a USB overseas telegram. A GSM modem in the signifier of a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for usage with a laptop computing machine.DetectorA detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a type of energy by bring forthing another type of energy signal, normally electrical. They are either direct indicating ( an electrical metre ) or a re paired with an index ( possibly indirectly through an parallel to digital convertor, a computing machine and a show ) so that the value sensed is translated for human apprehension.A device that responds to a stimulation, such as heat, visible radiation, or force per unit area and generates a signal that can be thrifty or interpreted is called a SENSOR.2.1 Types of SENSORSTypes of detectors include electromagnetic, chemical, biological and acoustic. Aside from other applications, detectors are to a great extent used in medical specialty, industry and robotics.In order to move as an effective detector, the undermentioned guidelines must be followedThe detector should be sensitive to the measured variable.The detector should be insensitive to any other variable.The detector should non act upon the measured variable.In theory, when the detector is working absolutely, the end product signal of a detector is precisely relative to the value of the parametric quantity it is meant to men surate. The addition is so defined as the ratio between end product signal and measured variable. For illustration, if a detector measures temperature and has an alive(predicate) electromotive force end product, the addition is a changeless with the unit.2.2 CO SENSOR MQ-7The Sensor that we use in our undertaking is a commercial merchandise from Hanwei Electronics Ltd. China. The detector is composed of micro Al2O3 ceramic tubing, Tin Dioxide ( SnO2 ) sensitive bed, mensurating electrode and warmer are fixed into a crust made by plastic and unstained poise cyberspace. The warmer provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive constituents. The enveloped MQ-7 Sensor has 6 pins, 4 of which are used to bring signals the other 2 are used for supplying heating current.2.2.1 Features of the SensorThe diverse characteristics of the MQ-7 is listed belowHigh sensitiveness to carbon monoxide.Stable and long life.Miniature size and low power ingestion. low-toned Cost.2.2.2 Applica tions of the SensorResidential and commercial CO sensors.Air quality accountants.Ventilation control for indoor parking garages.These electronic sensors sound against a fire by feeling CO degrees in the air.Demand controlled airing for offices, exhibition centres, hotels, tunnels, mines and auto Parkss.Pollution Control for the vehicles.2.2.3 SpecificationsSymbol statement nameTechnical Condition glossTaoUsing temperature-20i-50iTantalumStorage temperature-20i-50iAdvice utilizing rangeRhesus factorRelative humidnessLess than 95 % RHO2Oxygen concentration21 % ( stand locating )the O concentration can impact the sensitiveness.Minimum value is over 2 %The tabular array 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are the specifications of the MQ-7 detector.Table No 2.1 Standard subject ConditionsTable No 2.2 Environment conditionsSymbolParameter nameTechnical ConditionRemarkVCCircuit Voltage5VA0.1Ac or DcVH ( H )Heating Voltage ( high )5VA0.1Ac or DcVH ( L )Heating Voltage ( low )1.4VA0.1Ac or DcRLLoad rampartC an setRhesus factorHeating Resistance33IA5 %Room Temp.TH ( H )Heating Time ( high )60A1 secondsTH ( L )Heating Time ( low )90A1 secondsPhHeating ConsumptionLess than 330mwTable No 2.3 sensitivity featuresSymbolParameter nameTechnical ConditionRemarkRoentgenSurface antagonistOf sensitive organic structure2-20kIn 100ppmCarbon Monoxide? ( 300/100ppm )Concentration incline rateLess than 0.5Rs ( 300ppm ) /Rs ( 100ppm )Standard workingstatusTemperature -20iCA2iC Relative humidness 65 % A5 % RL 10KIA5 %VC 5VA0.1V VH 5VA0.1V VH 1.4VA0.1VPreheat clipNo less than 48 hoursDetecting scope20ppm-2000ppm C monoxide2.2.4 Structure of the Sensor MQ-7Structure and constellation of MQ-7 gas detector is shown as Figure 2.1. ( cast A or B )Figure No 2.1 Detector construction of MQ-72.2.5 Basic Measuring CircuitAs shown in Figure 2.2, standard mensurating lap covering of MQ-7 sensitive constituents consists of 2 parts One is the heating travel holding clip control map ( the high electromotive force and the low electromotive force work circularly ) , the 2nd is the signal end product circuit it can accurately react alterations of surface inverse of the detector.Figure No 2.2 Measuring Circuit of Sensor2.2.6 Operation PrincipleThe surface opposition of the detector RS is obtained through accomplished electromotive force signal end product of the burden opposition RL which series-wound. The relationship between them is described by 2.2.6.1RSRL = ( VC-VRL ) / VRL 2.2.6.1Figure No 2.3 Clocking Diagram of SensorFigure 2.3 shows alterable state of affairs of RL signal end product measured by utilizing Fig.2.2 Circuit Output signal, when the detector is shifted from clean air to Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) , Output Signal measuring is made within one or two complete heating period ( 2.5 minute from high electromotive force to low electromotive force ) . Sensitive bed of MQ-7 gas sensitive constituents is made of SnO2 with stableness. So, it has first-class mail long-run stableness. Its se rvice life can make 5 old ages under utilizing status.2.2.7 Sensitivity Adjustment for the SensorResistance value of MQ-7 is different to assorted sorts and concentration of gases. So, when utilizing these constituents, sensitiveness appointment is really of import. It is recommended that the sensor is calibrated for 200ppm CO in air and Load opposition ( RL ) needed is about 10 KI ( 5KI to 47 KI ) .For accurate measuring, the proper dismay point for the gas sensor should be determined after sing the temperature and humidness influence.The sensitiveness accommodation algorithm is as followsa. Connect the detector to the application circuit.B. Turn on the power, Preheat through electricity for over 48 hours.c. Adjust the burden opposition RL until a signal value is obtained, which responds to a certain Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 90 seconds.d. Adjust another burden opposition RL until you get a signal value is obtained which is respond to a Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 60 seconds.Figure No 2.4 Sensitivity Features of the MQ-7Fig.2.4 shows the typical Sensitivity Characteristics of the MQ-7 Sensor for several gases. Figure 2.5 gives the Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and HumidityTemp 20iC Humidity 65 % O2 concentration 21 % RL=10kIRo Detector Resistance at 100ppm CO in the clean air.Roentgen Detector Resistance at assorted concentrations of gases.Figure No 2.5 Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity.CO sport DetectorThe Micro-controller has many more grounds to be used than the microprocessors. Automatically controlled merchandises and devices, cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion and increasing informations transportation velocity, memory. The figure 3.1 gives the portion of the circuit of the thesis.Circuit Diagram of Gas Detector3.1 Automation after CO is detectedThis undertaking intends to get the better of the unsafe state of affairs that those three people piece themselves in, o n that fatal twenty-four hours. Using the Sensor MQ-7, after CO is detected, Emergency Automation and Control is provided, based on the degree of CO detected. From the tabular array 1.1, we see assorted degrees of CO in ppm. These degrees indicate the degrees of toxicity and its effects on Human Beings.The lock of the door, which is portion of the cardinal lockup system, is open automatically. Redundantly, a doorbell is sounded to bespeak that the doors are unbarred to enable speedy issue from the auto.As already explained, when the first degree of CO is reached, the slit on top of the auto opens leting fresh air to come in in, while the exhaust fan removes CO from indoors. The consequence of this operation can be witnessed on the LCD, where the CO degree lessenings. surplusage is implemented here in the signifier of two exigency actions taking topographic point at the same clip.By and large, this degree is non reached because the first action is really good in cut downing the CO degree inside the auto. But, in dire fortunes, when there is an exponential buildup of CO degree in the auto, due to unknown grounds and the first action is turn outing to be inefficient, the 2nd exigency action takes over. Hence, Redundancy is besides implemented here for Safety. Following actions take topographic point on making the 2nd degree.The doors are unbarred automatically. An exact reproduction of a existent auto door mechanism is used here.4.1. Future EnhancementThe particular characteristics of this GSM Based CO Gas Leak Sensing Using Embedded remains have been discussed in the old chapters. Now let us see how this undertaking can be enhanced in the hereafter with the latest overture engineerings.This undertaking being a crisis direction mechanization system can be enhanced with the WAP engineering. With this the current readings of the degree of the CO degrees or the other parametric quantities involved can be sent through to a few of import Mobile phones when risk y degrees are reached.Besides this can be used in assorted other state of affairss like mills, industries and other topographic points where CO buildup may happen. The chief difference in the undertaking would be to take the appropriate CO detector as the state of affairs requires. CO Sensors with higher degrees of sensitiveness are available.4.2 DecisionA really accurate and effectual method to observe CO degrees within inside a auto has been devised. Besides two degrees of mechanization have been incorporated to battle any addition in CO degrees within the auto. The whole undertaking is really cost effectual and can be implemented in any sort of auto right from the basic theoretical account to the luxury autos. The life of the CO detector is besides really long and its dependability is really good. Besides assorted other parametric quantities can be continuously monitored and displayed in the show. This adds diverseness to the undertaking and enables multi tasking.

Microscale Techniques Essay

1. NaOH is a very corrosive chemical and contact with it goat cause burns to body tissue and possible eye damage. Can irriate the lungs and can cause permanent lung damage. also contact with water can generate enought heat to ignite combustibles.2. In your own words, briefly explain the terms below. Copied answers go forth receive zero points. a. symmetricalness stateWhen a chemical answer is equal. when the products and reactients are at equal rates b. the effect of organizeation of a decomposablea complex is a term used to describe a substance compused of two other substances.When pushing two substances together they can form a complex which is usually weaker than a regular chemical bond3. A student is studying the equilibrium represented by the equation 2CrO42-(aq, yellow) + 2H3O+(aq) Cr2O72-(aq, orange) + 3H2O(l) The miscellany obtained by the student is yellow.a. Describe the color counterchange the student should observe after adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to t he equilibrium mixture.A) Adding acid causes the mixture to become more than orange. As H3O+ ion concentration increases, the schema converts some of the H3O+ ion to water and dichromate ions. The additional dichromate ion causes the mixture to appear more orange than before.b. Describe the color change the student should observe after adding solid sodium chromate to the equilibrium mixture.(HINT when sodium chromate is dissolved in water, it dissociates into ions.) D) Adding solid sodium chromate causes the mixture to become more orange. As it dissolves, the chromate ion increases and CrO4 -2 ion is converted to dichromate ions. The dichromate ion concentration increases, so the mixture appears more orange.c. Describe the color change the student should observe after adding excess sodium hydroxide to the equilibrium mixture in (b).Briefly explain your answer in terms of Le Chteliers principle, similar to the answers that were provided earlier in this problem.No change the solutio n get out remain yellow. In Le Chteliers principle it talks about how when stress is put on a reaction the reaction transformation to relieve the stress. So when we add more of a reaction or product the reaction will put forward to use it up, and fracture away from added species. d. Write a net ionic equation to support your answer in (c). 1 H3O + (aq) + 1 OH (aq) 2 H2O (l)4. a. forecast the delegacy in which the equilibrium should shift when you add sodium sulfate solution to the mixture in well A1. Explain why.B) The equilibrium will shift to the left. The system wants to lower the concentration of the sulfate ion, which can be done consuming some of the added sulfate ion and thus devious the equilibrium to the reactant side. b. Predict the direction in which the equilibrium should shift when you add solid sodium hydrogen sulfate solution to the mixture in well A3. Explain why.C) The equilibrium will shift to the right. The system wants to lower the concentration of the h ydrogen sulfate ion, which can be done by consuming some of the added hydrogen sulfate ion and shifting the equilibrium to the product side.c. Predict the direction in which the equilibrium should shift when you add concentrated hydrochloric acid to the mixture in well C1. Explain why.A) The equilibrium will shift to the right. The added acid reacts with hydroxide ions to form water, thus reducing the hydroxide ion concentration. The system responds by converting solid magnesium hydroxide to aqueous magnesium hydroxide.d. Predict the direction in which the equilibrium should shift when you add Na4EDTA solution to the mixture in well C2.to the rightExplain why.EDTA purpuse to bind metal cations. So by adding this we reduce the concentration of Mg+2 ions, but we are also adding more OH- ions, and that means that the concentration of OH- ions is decreasing.e. Predict the direction in which the equilibrium should shift when your TA adds water to the hexaaquacobalt(II) ion mixture. Expla in why.D) The equilibrium should shift to the right. The system lowers the concentration of the water by consuming some of the added water to form the hexahydrate complex, thus shifting the equilibrium to the product side.

Analysis of a Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen

Honesty in Marriage In A Dolls House, Ibsen uses role reversal between Nora and Christine to show the importance of unbiasedy in a good marriage versus dishonesty. Nora and Torvald have the dishonest marriage and that proves to turn out badly for their affinity in the end. Christine remained an honest person and ended up with a rekindled relationship with her old love. At the truly beginning, everything seems fine with Torvald and Nora if Noras initial act of dishonesty is ignored. Torvald calls to her first. When did my squirrel catch home? (Act I) Right after respondent him, Nora does her best to hide the macaroons she had eaten against Torvalds wishes by stuffing the bag in her pocket and frantically wiping the enjoin from her mouth. All is seemingly well between them besides Noras lack of willpower against cookies. When Christine comes on the scene, she is alone. She has come to where Nora extends to find work (even though she feels overworked). She is completely honest ab out her situation with Nora though. From the beginning Christine seems to have goose egg to hide.She explains how she spent her life taking care of her family and how she no longer has someone to care for other than herself. later(prenominal) in the play, when Nora and Torvald go to the party, Noras mind is less on dancing the Tarantella and more on the letter Krogstad had written for Torvald. In the letter was the truth about how Nora was able to pay for Torvalds discussion in Paris. All this time, Torvald was thinking the money came from Noras overprotect when in reality, Nora illegally forged her fathers name in order to obtain a loan from the bank at which Krogstad was employed.Nora bust to law by doing business without a public and had non nonified her husband. Now Nora is doing her best to stall Torvald in hope of not letting him read his letter from his letterbox. She does her best to be subtle by mendicity to stay at the party longer. Torvald refuses to give in to he r pleas and eventually reads the letter. The result is not pretty. Torvald becomes furious, And as for you and me, it must(prenominal) appear as if everything between us were just as beforebut naturally yet in the eyes of the ground. You will steady remain in my house, that is a matter of course.But I shall not allow you to bring up the children I dare not trust them to you. To think that I should be obliged to say so to one whom I have loved so dearly, and whom I still. No, that is all over. From this moment happiness is not the question all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance (Act III) Torvalds idea of a solution is to do his best to hide the situation as best her coffin nail by trying to appease Krogstad. Then he wants to keep Nora as a prisoner in her own home while simultaneously isolating her from her own children indefinitely.All this time, Noras lies has cost her the relationship she suasion she had with her husband. At the same time, Torvald has been hiding his true self from Nora. She never expected him to react in such a dash and this lead her to make, more than likely, one of the hardest decisions shes ever had to make. fleck Nora stresses about Krogstads letter, Christina decides to pay him a visit and does what Nora should have done with Torvald. Christine tells Krogstad the truth. She explains to Krogstad why they could not be together in the past.She explains how much she needed money to care for her helpless mother and two brothers. She could not afford to wait around for Krogstad. That much, Krogstad can understand. Notice how, their conversation does not involve any scold of shunning the other in anyway. Because Christine is honest with Krogstad, he accepts her the way she is, flaws and all. In the end, Nora feels it is best for her to be on her way even after Torvald changes his mind. Krogstad decides to forget the debt and not hold it over Noras head as blackmail any longer.Torvald gets really h appy and tries to act as if everything can go back the way it was, Listen to me, Nora. You dont seem to realise that it is all over. What is this? such a cold, set face My poor smaller Nora, I quite understand you dont feel as if you could believe that I have forgiven you. But it is true, Nora, I swear it I have forgiven you everything. I know that what you did, you did out of love for me. (Act III) He wants to believe that since Krogstad has give the bonds, the situation is all over and everything her said before is in the past.Unfortunately for him, Nora is not so sure. She thinks about how he was so ready to shun her and put her away like a common criminal. She realizes that Torvald is not the dire man she thought he was and she is not the woman for him. She is tired of living like a mans plaything all her life. Torvald is the one who helps her realize it and she leaves. Christine and Krogstad decide to revive their lost love and live together as a happy couple. So in the end , Nora and Torvald go through their marriage and fable to themselves and each other.As a result, the marriage falls apart and Nora makes the decision to walk away. She hopes to find herself in the world by allowing herself to be honest. Christine walks in with no one. She hides nothing and stays honest with herself. This gives her the freedom to be honest with her long, lost sweetheart, Krogstad. Her honesty gives them both the ability to truly love each other, unlike Nora and Krogstad. Nora and Christine have fundamentally switched places all because Christine was honest and Nora was not.