Definition and Examples of Tautologies in English

Definition and Examples of Tautologies in English   In grammar, a tautology is a  redundancy,  in particular, the needless repetition of an idea using different words. Repetition of the same sense is tautology. Repetition of the same sound is tautophony. In rhetoric and  logic, a tautology is a statement that is unconditionally true by virtue of its form alonefor example, Youre either lying or youre not. Adjective: tautologous or tautological. Examples and Observations Here are examples of tautology in use by famous authors in their work: It took only as many minutes to find the following half-dozen examples in one days crop of papers: A major nuclear disaster could have been sparked off . . .. . . who died of a fatal dose of heroin. . . equalized the game to a 2-2 draw. . . kept it from his friends that he was a secret drinkerDirty Den has made up his mind never to go back to EastEnders, finally severing his connection with the soap . . . a group for one-parent single mothers Tautology is either unnecessary elaboration (the Inland Revenues white-collar workers), pointless repetition (pair of twins), superfluous description (Europes huge butter mountain), a needless appendage (weather conditions) or a self-cancelling proposition (He is either guilty or not guilty). (Keith Waterhouse, Waterhouse on Newspaper Style, rev. ed. Revel Barker, 2010)At the risk of being redundant and repetitive, and redundant, let me say that tautology is the last thing children need from their parents, especially when they are in trouble.Whatever you have to say, whatever you do, avoid tautology. Try to say it only once! (Tom Sturges, Parking Lot Rules 75 Other Ideas for Raising Amazing Children. Ballantine, 2009)The new public management has brought new ailments, particularly tautology. You often see such phrases as first class organizations are those that perform excellently. (David Walker, Mind Your Language. The Guardian, Sep. 27, 2006) Mark Twain on Tautological Repetition I do not find that the repetition of an important word a few timessay, three or four timesin a paragraph troubles my ear if clearness of meaning is best secured thereby. But tautological repetition which has no justifying object, but merely exposes the fact that the writers balance at the vocabulary bank has run short and that he is too lazy to replenish it from the thesaurusthat is another matter. It makes me feel like calling the writer to account. (Mark Twain, Autobiography of Mark Twain. University of California Press, 2010) Tautologies in Logic In common parlance, an utterance is usually said to be tautologous if it contains a redundancy and says the same thing twice over in different wordse.g., John is the father of Charles and Charles is a son of John. In logic, however, a tautology is defined as a statement that excludes no logical possibilitiesEither it is raining or it is not raining. Another way of putting this is to say that a tautology is true in all possible worlds. No one will doubt that, irrespective of the actual state of the weather (i.e., regardless of whether the statement that it is raining is true or false), the statement Either it is raining or it is not raining is necessarily true.(E. Nagel and J. R. Newman, Gà ¶dels Proof, 1958  A  tautology is  a statement that is logically, or necessarily, true or is so devoid of content as to be practically empty (and thus true because completely empty statements, making no claim, cannot be false). Example: Scott Peterson did it or he didnt.  (Howard Kahane and Nancy Cavender,  Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric, 10th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2006) Tautology. Yes, I know, its an ugly word. But so is the thing. Tautology is this verbal device which consists in defining like by like . . .. Since it is magical, it can of course only take refuge behind the argument of authority: thus do parents at the end of their tether reply to the child who keeps on asking for explanations: because thats how it is, or even better: just because, thats all. (Roland Barthes, Mythologies. Macmillan, 1972) Tautology as a Logical Fallacy One of the most boring fallacies, the tautology, basically just repeats the premise. FAN: The Cowboys are favored to win since theyre the better team.​  (Jay Heinrichs, Thank You for Arguing: What Aristotle, Lincoln, and Homer Simpson Can Teach Us About the Art of Persuasion. Three Rivers Press, 2007) Pronunciation: taw-TOL-eh-jee Also Known As: pleonasm EtymologyFrom the Greek, redundant

How to Finish Writing a Book 8 Actionable Steps to Finish Your First Draft

How to Finish Writing a Book 8 Actionable Steps to Finish Your First Draft How to Finish Writing a Book: 8 Actionable Steps to Finish Your First Draft Do you struggle with actually finishing a full draft of your manuscript? Do you actually know how to finish writing a book?Trust me, it can be a lot harder than you think and Ill explain why belowIf youre someone who hops projects when you get bored or stuck, we have the solution to your common problem- and it might be different than you think. Here are our top tips to help you finish writing a book:Outline your bookSchedule writing timeBudget save for publicationBe realistic with your goalsGet accountability partnersMake finishing your book a part of your lifePower through to finish your bookAvoid burnoutWhy Many Aspiring Authors Dont Finish Writing a BookI think weve all been there beforeWe have fantastic story ideas or even writing prompts, are so motivated to sit down and write a book, but we end up hitting the midway point andstopping.So many writers out there fall short when actually finishing their books.Sure, you might be able to write a poem and finish that, or even complet e writing a short story or twobut manuscripts are different.But why?Theyre longer and take a lot more time and discipline to finish.Most writers are going through the process of writing and publishing a book blind. And without the right process (or help) in place, its easy to fall off the rails and end up with only half a manuscript shoved in a desk drawer somewhere collecting dust.Most writers fail to finish writing a book because they dont have a process to keep them accountable in order to finish.But thats where we come in.NOTE: If youre ready to actually FINISH your book, tune in to our FREE training to get it done. Dont let that amazing idea sit dormant for years and years, only to feel regret 5 years down the line. Get it done by starting TODAY.How many authors do you know who sit around and say, I wish I would have waited to start? Learn more about it hereHow to Finish Writing a BookObviously youre ready to commit- to take the leap and actually finish your book. Maybe youve s truggled for a few months or maybe youve been trying to finish your book for years. Either way, weve got the best tips to actually complete your manuscript.#1 OutlineThe best way to finish a project (and finish it quickly!) is to have a plan. A book’s plan is your outline. Now, not everyone is on board with book outlines. There are â€Å"plotters,† there are â€Å"pantsers,† and there are the in-betweeners (which we affectionately call â€Å"plotsers†).However, even writers who finish books regularly and claim they are vehemently against outlines are usually outlining.Whats the difference between pantsers and plotters?â€Å"Pantsers† tend to call their first draft something like a discovery draft, or draft zero, or, as Nora Roberts calls it, the piece of shit draft.Even though they say they don’t outline, this first draft is a type of outline. Even though Stephen King says, â€Å"Outlines are the last resource of bad fiction writers,† we know what he really means is, â€Å"My first draft is actually a type of outline, and that’s the method I’ve found that works for me, personally.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Prose is architecture. It’s not interior design.† Ernest HemingwaySome people love every single detail planned before they begin writing, while others think outlines make their stories too formulaic. The good news is, there’s a type of outline for everyone! If there isn’t one already penned in existence, you can make. one. up. 😠®There are so many different kinds of outlines:Extremely detailed outlines with a sentence for every action in each sceneBasic bullet points of the ideas you want to cover, or â€Å"first draft† outlines where you plan your book by writing a version of itDraft zero, a pansted first draft, is one you can finish in roughly the same amount of time it takes you to plan and outline your bookYou don’t have to follow certain outline rules or g uidelinesyour outline is a tool for you and the way you work. So find a system that works best and utilize it!Pro Outlining Tip: If you’re more of a â€Å"pantser,† use what I call a â€Å"liquid outline.† Let it be flexible as your project progresses. For example, start with a bullet point outline of what you expect to happen, then as you write each chapter, go back and revise your outline when things change. This will keep you on track and organized, but it will also allow you the freedom and on-the-spot creativity of â€Å"pantsing† your book.#2 Schedule your writing timeA great way to stay productive is to set a writing schedule in order to develop a writing habit.Here are a few questions to ask yourself in order to finish writing your book:Which days and times will you write?How long will you write in each session?Will you hit a time limit each day, or do you want to reach a certain word count?Further than scheduling your writing, you can schedule t he entire publication process to keep your book on track through production and into marketing! Having a timeline for drafting, editing, beta rounds, cover, and interior design, book release, marketing, etc., will help you work more efficiently and coordinate the steps that require other people.For example, many cover designers require you to book months, or even years, in advance! Scheduling and planning will help you stay ahead of possible roadblocks.#3 Budget and saveSelf-publishing might be more expensive than you think it will be! If you haven’t done it yet, take some time to research possible costs of publishing a book.For example, do you want a cover designer? A professional editor? Special marketing? Determine out how much it will cost and how long you have to save, then set up a savings plan to be sure you can cover these costs.Heres a breakdown of potential costs you have to consider when writing your book:If you have no idea how to set up a savings plan, Jenna Mor eci has a great video on budgeting and savings basics!If you don’t take the time to budget for book production and save ahead of time, you may happen upon a charge you weren’t expecting and aren’t prepared to pay. Then your options are to halt production to save for it, go without, or take a loan.Saving ahead of time is much better than all three of those options, so do your research!If you want more information on the publishing expenses you can expect, check out the video below- and the biggest cost might be the most surprising. #4 Be realisticIn scheduling, budgeting, and saving, be realistic about your goals and timelines.If you convince yourself you have four hours of writing time each day to finish a draft in a month, but you have a full-time job and three kids? That’s probably not a realistic goal. Maybe you can only write for twenty minutes a day. Maybe you can only write on weekends. Maybe writing a few paragraphs during lunch breaks is your onl y option for now.Be honest, be logical, and set goals you have a chance of achieving. While you can always find ways to write faster in order to make the most of that writing time, you still have to set reasonable goals.Nothing is more demoralizing than never reaching your goals.#5 Consider finding a team to hold yourself accountableI have a critique group with two other writers who are also writing fantasy novels. Every Sunday, we exchange the chapter we wrote that week, as well as the other two writer’s chapters from the previous week with our critique comments.When utilizing a critique partner or group, I recommend the following:Find people with similar WIPsSet up a schedule for swapping chapters, stories, poems, scripts, etc.Keep open lines of communication!Having other people expect your routine updates, as well as having other people to discuss issues and setbacks, will help to keep you on track with a writing schedule.At Self-Publishing School, theres actually a Maste rmind Community each student gets to be a part of where accountability partners run rampant. All these writers are looking for others to help them finish writing their books.#6 Make your WIP a part of your lifeLet your book take up a lot of real estate in your mind, your home, and your daily life.As you grow your writing platform and market your book, talk about your work in progress. Tell your friends and family about it.The more people who know youre writing a book, the more theyll ask you about it.This hold you accountable to actually finish writing your book.You can even make a Youtube channel, like mine, in order to have more people familiar with you writing a book. (This is also a great strategy to market yourself as a writer)If you make a physical outline or a moodboard, hang it by your desk where you can see it. Set your main character’s profile sketch as your phone background.Make it where you can’t skip a writing day without thinking about it.This will keep your mind working toward solutions for your project every day.#7 Power through!Don’t let yourself get hung up on edits before your draft is finished. Don’t overthink itjust focus on getting through your first draft.Of course it won’t be perfect!But, like Nora Roberts said, â€Å"you can fix anything but a blank page.†You can’t edit nothing! Don’t slow down, keep your momentum, and pound out that first draft!The hardest part of writing a book is finishing the first draft. After that, its all downhill so just get it done!#8 Avoid burnoutWriting burnout is when you feel like your work is trash. You think you have nothing important to say. Maybe you think no one cares about what you’re writing or maybe youve fallen into a pit of writers block. Don’t fall into this hole!Your first instinct when confronted with writing burnout is usually to stop writing. Never stop writing. Maybe this WIP is sucking your joy, but realize that it is n’t you, and it isn’t your writingit’s the project.Try swapping to something a little easier, like a short story or a poem, but set a time to return to your book. Don’t let so much time slip away that you get too far away to return. Remind yourself of the reason to write a book in the first place.Ask yourself these questions if youre feeling writer burnout:Where does your inspiration come from?Who are you writing for?Why is it important to you?Write down your motivation and hang it somewhere you can see itDon’t let yourself get burned out before you can finish your project. Take a breather, but make a promise to yourself that you’ll get back to work and set a specific time to do so.Moral of the story: plan ahead and DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE FINISHED!Are you ready to start- and finally finish- your book? Turn in to our free training to help you go from blank page to published author in as little as 90 days.Yes, how long it takes to write a book can be as little as three months with our methods!