Mitchells Fruit Farms: A history of company growth

Mitchells Fruit Farms A unexampleds report of telephoner harvest-timeMitchells Fruit Farms circumscribed is the oldest and most trusted Food Company in Pakistan. Since starting time its operations in 1933, the Company has gone from strength to strength, and its wide variety of harvest-tides has inundated breakfast tables with farm-fresh consumables, dead on target from its orchards in Renala Khurd products of a senior spunky school standard, enriching the lives of millions of people with all the goodness of nature for a healthy tonestyle. straightaway Mitchells family impacts to grow, reaching more and more households worldwide with an ever-increasing array of farm-fresh products ranging from thirst-quenching Squashes Syrups takey Jams, Jellies and Marmalade rich Tomato Ketchup blue Sauces tasty Pickles reviewly nutritious trampned Fruits Vegetables and a wholesome assortment of Candies Chocolate from its wide cast of confectionery products.Francis J. Mitchell ar rived in Bombay from Scotland at the end of solid ground War I. He had been invited by his br separate who was al desexualise established in North Western India as a contractor to the government for construction of the railroad line network in this part of the subcontinent. At that time, when Francis was already an old man of over sixty eld, an prospect came his way in the form of the emerging irrigation administration being laid come on in the groove colony districts of West Punjab. He was successful in obtaining the lease of 720 acres of agricultural land in the then Montgomery district. The ara allotted to him extended for nearly seven-spot miles from Renala Khurd to Kissan, sandwiched between the arterial debase Bari Doab Canal and the Lahore/Karachi railway.He initiated the business of growing grapes for eventual sale as dried raisins and sent his young son naughtyard to Australia for training at Mildura which was well k n testify as a centre of specialisation in the business line of horticulture. TheThe follow, with Francis Mitchell as its Governing managing director and his two sons Leonard and Richard as Directors, was incorporated in 1933 and given the figure of speech Indian Mildura Fruit Farms Ltd. The North Western Railway had opened to traffic a few years before the acquisition of the land by the Mitchell family. Francis Mitchell was asked by the railway authorities to propose a make up for the adjoining station. Hence the word Kissan which subsequently became a familiar strike out piddle.The trial planting of grapes, which began in 1921 and lasted until 1924, unfortunately did not prove to be a success. The vines suffe violent serious damage from pests during the rainy season, just when the grapes infallible dry weather for ripening. The entire plantation was replaced with citrus, which, fortunately, proved to be profitable. The elder son, Leonard, was sent specially to southerly Africa to look for good rootstock, which was the foundation of Valencia orange trees these ar well established on the farms today. With the outbreak of World War II, demand for canned fruits and vegetables for the allied troops, stationed in India, began to grow rapidly. To cost-effectively cater to this growing demand, a manufacturing plant was established in Bangalore, South India. A smart joint-stock company by the get to of Kissan Products Ltd. was registe flushed.PHASE II AFTER INDEPENDENCEAs a sequel to Independence in 1947, Indian Mildura Fruit Farms extra lost nearly 75% of its Indian foodstuff. The companys name was changed to Mitchells Fruit Farms (Pvt.) Ltd. and the brand name MITCHELLS became the exclusive spot of the Pakistani company. Likewise, the Indian company acquired exclusive use of the KISSAN brand name. Francis Mitchell died in 1933 and his elder son, Leonard, became Chairman. After his brothers sad death in an air accident, Richard likewisek over the chairmanship in 1949 and continued in this ca pacity until his death in 1987. The family sold its make dos gradually, having inducted Pakistani sh arholders in 1957, and retired to Eastbourne, U.K., in 1959. Richards wife, Betty, retained her links with the Company in the capacity of Director until 1991. She died in 1995.COMPANYS INFORMATIONSALESThe national market, particularly in the major(ip) cities was saturated with the trade nutrientstuff. Although foreign fruit preserves, sauces and absorbs were visible on the shelves of the largest stores these were not as abundant as merchandise confectionery, especially several(prenominal)(a) brands of chocolate. It would appear that much of this merchandise continues to be brought into the country with unofficial channels without payment of imported duties. Despite these unhelpful conditions Mitchells were able to achieve a significant increase of over 10% in the sales of confectionery and succeeded at the comparable time in recording a marginal growth in our traditional g roceries business.CAPITAL EXPENDITUREIn the beginning they claim invested around Rs.29.76 million in putting up modern automated facility in the form of building and machinery. An independent bird thrower of supply of electric power nowadays form the WAPDA grid station together with a new standby generator were commissioned in January 2002.at a cost of Rs.14, 535,652.this should result in con military positionrable savings in power bills. Internal cash generation and bank borrowing subscribe met the capital uptake bill in full.HUMAN RESOURCEHuman Resource has also the pivotal importance for the company. steering and employee skills are constantly being updated through training courses and study tours both at home and abroad. presently Mitchells is operating with 32 executive stave members along with a big sales and labor suckRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTThe success of Mitchells products, and the taste that has been winning consumers hearts for generations, is the result of the C ompanys ongoing investment in and emphasis on woodland control, reinforced by research and development (R D). Both sections c nod offly coordinate with the grocery storeing and Exports Office in Lahore where product designs are initiated and passed on to the R D section for formulation. one time the RD section has prepared samples of new products, the marting Division carefull carries out product evaluation.QUALITY dominate TRAININGAlong with R D, the Quality Control section ensures that all our products live up to the consumers high expectations. From selection of the finest fruits, to touch on and packaging, quality control plays a key role in keeping a vigilant and unrelenting eye on e rattling step of the process. The Quality Control staff, with a briny up-to-date laboratory, two line-control labs for the Groceries and sweeten Confectionery divisions, and an incubation lab, ensures that on that point is no deficiency in quality standards during turnout.As the Compan y considers its employees its most important asset, instruction skills are being constantly updated by send executives on training courses and study tours, both at home and abroad.QUALITY POLICYMitchells Fruit Farms Limited, is connected to produce best quality products meeting our customers requirements at competitive prices, strengthening our position as a quality managed company. To meet this obligation, the company will continue1. Updating of employee skills by training2. Acquisition of new technology3. Re-evaluation of its quality control and quality assurance system Management.EXPORTS AND IMPORTSEXPORTSAt present, MITCHELLS products are being exported to several parts of the world, including UK, USA, and the Middle East. In future the Company is planning to make MITCHELLS a brand name familiar with households in every part of the world.IMPORTS at that place are reliable Mitchells products that are being imported. For example, we import pineapple from Singapore. Only fruit is imported, the rest of the process is done in our farms.Some of the fruit is imported in the form of pulp such as mango. We do grow mangoes in our farms but out-of-pocket to the increasing demand of mango items we have to import some of the quantity from other countries to meet the demand. cabbage is also imported.PRESENT PERFORMANCE OF MITCHELLSThe Company passed a major milestone when it went public in 1993, receiving a record subscription for its shares floated on the market. The year 1998, the 65th for Mitchells, brought another major distinction for the Company the ISO 9001 accreditation, making it the rootage food company in Pakistan to achieve the honor.Today in Pakistan, Mitchells is the only major company with fully integrated operations having its own growing and impact facilities at one location. Modern high-volume industrial equipment, original concern and a trained workforce ensure that Mitchells maintains its lead. Fully computerized and inter-linked regional s ales offices manage burgeoning nationwide sales, with those in major cities, Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad. all told the offices are on the Internet/e-mail network ensuring uninterrupted lean of data. Highly qualified executives using modern management tools from the Head Office in Lahore handle commercial, monetary and accounting functions.A smooth distribution system with nationwide coverage and consistency of quality have kept the most prestigious national institutions loyal to Mitchells growing product range. These include Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), direct five star hotels and clubs, Utility Stores mint, Canteen Stores Department, chains of main stores and established restaurants in major cities. early PROSPECTSWe believe that given the vast agricultural potential of Pakistan, there are bright prospects for the food processing industry, which can helpmeet the nutritional carrys of the growing urban population within the country as well as provide a surplus for export. The pre-requisite for such a development is a fitter and expanding economy. We are positive that our company is well placed to derive full benefit for the opportunities as they arise.MITCHELLS OBJECTIVESMitchells fair game is to provide its customer with healthy, innovative and best quality food that will tempt their appetite at all times. Above all, Mitchells also promise convenience variety at affordable prices.VISION AND committee STATEMENT1. To be a leader in the markets we serve by providing quality products and efficient operate to our consumers while learning from their feedback to set even higher standards for our products.2. To be a company that continuously enhances its master copy technological competence to provide innovative solutions and superior products as per requirement of the market place.3. To be a company that attracts and retains outstanding people by creating a culture that fosters openness and innovation, promotes individual growth, and rewards initiative and performance.4. To be a company which intermingles its people, technology, management systems, and market opportunities to achieve profitable growth while providing fair returns to its investors.5. To be a company that endeavors to set the highest standards in corporate ethics in serving society. SITUATIONAL ANALYSISMITCHELLSMitchells launched its twitches in the year 1941. Mitchells was the sole player in the field of squashes at that time. They were the first operators in rich fruit citrus. They identified the need of, make to drink product. After the proper customer need analysis logical screening and evaluation by the Mitchells research and development department a totally new product (squashes) was designed in the form of rich fresh fruit citrus .It was a break through innovation They availed the opportunity and gained the first mover gain. So they get hold of major market share , and with the passage of time they captured the market k at present ledge and rare resourcesMitchells got the competitive advantage because they had the first mover advantageFully integrated operations. Specially farm fresh fruits with having their own growing and processing facilitiesMitchells had professional management and the trained workforceMr. Richard got training from Australia Mildura at the initial stageA smooth distribution system with nationwide coverageRight products, quality and reliability.Management was committed and confidentMitchells was the pioneer in the field of squashes, they gained rushive market share and achieved the positive word of mouth regarding there products as they are do of fresh farm fruits. set MarketThe target market at the time of launch was up to 60 years of age and the core target was 15-30 years of age.SegmentationThey divisioned their product on the socio stinting classes way on- A, B+ and B.Marketing dodgeAs they had the first mover advantage they use it fully and initially promoted squashes by newspape rs, posters radio channels. But they mainly invested there resources in building there corporate realize .MAJOR COMPETITORSHEZANThe company was incorporated in 1964 as a backstage Limited Company, with the main objective to set up an industrial undertaking for manufacturing of juices, squashes, sherbets, jams, pickles and preserves from fruits and vegetables. Shezan International Limited was conceived as a joint venture by the Shahnawaz Group of Pakistan and Alliance Industrial Development Corporation of U.S.A. The agricultural background of the Pakistani sponsors induced them to establish this agro-based industry. Today Shezan is the largest food processing unit having create and installed the capacity to meet the countrys local as well as export needs.While introducing a me too product, squashes the major threat was to compete Mitchells, who already got the major market share by capturing rare resources and already gained knowledge of key factors and issues of the market. It wa s very costly for Shezan to overtake Mitchells.There was a high risk involved in competing with Mitchells fruit Farm Company. Shezan had the advantage to follow the already set product standards of Mitchells regarding research and development. Shezan had the line of movement to grab market share by offering high quality and better taste followed by product variety by analyzing the Mitchells squashes.Target MarketShezans target market is up to 60 years of age and their core target market is 15-30 years of age.SegmentationThey segmented their product on the socio economic classes centraliseing on A, B+ and B.Marketing StrategyLaunched squashes in 1968-1969. at that time they promote it by newspapers, posters radio. On radio there was a show with the name HIT BREAK the host name was HAMAD. They impart market skimming strategy by offering low prices to capture the market share.SHEZANS private-enterprise(a) STRATEGYInitially launched only three flavors of squashes which were ( mango , orange and lemon). But in current market it has 6 flavors(orange, mango, jumble fruit, lemon and lemon barley, pomegranate)Shezan was forthcoming in 735 ml. glass feeding bottle but now its open in pet bottle of 830 mlComplete backward integration in case of this company since it is the only company that has its own sugar mill as well in the name of Shahtaj Sugar Mills, Mandi-bahauddin.Shezan has the most developed distribution channels network and therefore it has an advantage of reaching maximum customers end-to-end Pakistan with the help of small retailers as well as larger retailersShezan owns 60% of shelf space in all of the almost 16,000 outlets of Utility StoresShezan is involved in advertisements and low cost promotional campaigns which makes it a very generic brand name in the mind of consumers when they are out sponsorping for squashes.Shezan is the largest food processing unit having developed and installed the capacity to meet the countrys local as well as export needs.Shezan has the highest production capacity as compared to its competitors.MITCHELLS CURRENT STRATEGYMitchells refreshing Squashes are made from the Farm bright Fruits in a hygienic environment keeping in view the health of their valued customers.Mitchells procure novel material from fresh and sun ripened fruits especially grown on their orchards in Renala, they offer a range of energizing natural fruit flavors that promise to liven up your day.Mitchells is the only major food company in Pakistan today with fully integrated operations having its own growing and processing facilities at one location.Modern high-volume industrial equipment, professional management and a trained workforce all combine to ensure that Mitchells continues its dominance as the innovator, market leader and trend setter.In 1998 Mitchells became the first food company in Pakistan to achieve ISO 9001 accreditation, thus becoming more competitive on the international stage also.Squashes has now stagnate growth and product itself is at maturity stage so Mitchells is trying to retain the market share and its loyal customers.Mitchells maintaind squashes pet bottles with the quantity 1.5 liter and 810 mlMitchells squashes are available in seven flavors (orange, mango, mix fruit, pineapple, guava, lemon and lemon barley)Mitchells diet Squashes are available in eight flavors.Mitchells squashes contain lengthened fruit content which is the major variousiation factor.In year 2001 and 2002 they run a biggest campaign for squashes. Mitchells used more than 200 hoardings displayed all over the PakistanAs squashes has stagnate growth and product itself is at maturity stage the company is focusing upon building its corporate image rather than investing solely on squashes advertisements. So they dont want to waste their money on squash ads.Last year Mitchells launched DIET squashes, for recess MARKET. POS material of advertisement has only been used to promote it.Mitchells dieting Squashes contain No Sugar and have 90% less calories than Regular SquashMitchells Diet Squashes are available in two flavors. Diet Mixed Fruit Squash, and Diet Orange SquashMitchells is using consumer and trade promotion. But mainly focusing on trade promotions. . In Lahore the retailer benefit is 12+1, it means Mitchells give one throw in the towel bottle to its retailer on the purchase of 12 bottles but on the other side in Karachi the trade promotion policy is 24 + 3 i.e. on the purchase of 24 bottles Mitchells give 3 bottles to its retailers. Thus Mitchells make the useTheir unique selling proposition is quality .They never compromise on the quality. Even if they got any complain then they immediately replace it.Mitchelles believes that success of the organization lies in the gaiety of its customers. Therefore Mitchells has always given first priority to its customers feed back and this they do by the pursuance waysThorough questionnaire feed back formsThorough shop keepersThrough IS O procedures (CPA, Corrective and Preventive Actions)The feedbacks and opinions of the customers are very useful for them and besidesthis they study the feedback and try to carry out that accordingly.MARKET ANALYSISThe market for Squashes in Pakistan is mainly influenced by branded competitors in this specific product category. These competitors have firm distribution channels..As a majority of the countrys population is in lower-lower to lower-middle class, this is the reason that people are more price conscious and secondly the also look for the convenience of products due to this reason there is a demand metamorphose observed in the squash industry. The demand of Squashes is now especial(a) only for few months in major areas of country. The Business of Squashes in Lahore is at its peak between May and November So Mitchells play a different strategy as far as region Lahore is concerned but on the other side business in Karachi remains stale and on the same level of graph thoro ugh out the whole year thus Mitchells imply different strategy in terms of Karachi. The reason of this limited demand according to the market analysis is because that you cannot relate squshes with different occasions for example the way red syrup Jam-i-Sheerin and Rooh Afzah are relating themselves to Ramadan and Muharam, another big reason of the limited demand of the Squashes is because of its rule which is limited upto a thirst quenching drink but red syrup can be utilized in many ways apart from drinking such as toping, used in milk etcTarget marketThe targeting decision determines which customer group the organization will serve. Selecting good market targets is one of the management most demanded challenges.Mitchells basically design the strategy to target the Social economic class of A B+ grade. But then by the time every class exits part of their market. There primary focus was A B+ rank but now they target overall market and go for mass market. The reason is from the a ge group of (3-80) years old people use it as a refreshing and energetic drink.Target approach is being used by the Mitchells in case of Squashes product variety. present the segments are not clearly defined but extensive target.Target MarketDemographics up to 80 years as target market while core target market includes ages between 15 30. Age 10 and aboveFamily life cycle Young, Children, Old people.Psychographics Middle, Middle Upper, Lower, Lower Upper, Upper class.Benefits Quality, Rich in taste.SegmentationThe concept of one-size-fit-all mass market is no longer relevant. Companies have to define that which segment they are about to target. Few years back, squashes segmentation was on the basis of behioral, life style and usage rate was high but now the potential is not in the market. Even consumption chemical formula has been decreased due to the entrance of other substitute products.Market needsTalking about the need of market there is a need of those products which are com paratively cheap as well as give ease to consumer. In todays world everyone is in hurry and customer want quick drink and quick food just to salve their time. Considering Mitchells squashes need was there few years back when pulverized drink and juices and energy drinks were not introduced to the market. So mitchells took the first mover advantage to introduce it though they conducted a research to create a need and capture a major market share at that time.1. Quality craftsmanshipMitchells never compromise on its quality of fruit. Their squashes have extensive fruit content. There quality remains consistent all the time.2. innovationsAs Mitchells company felt that customer are now very health continuous so they introduce DIET SQUASHES last year with the catchword lose weight not taste. But they have introduced it for the niche segments only. They even didnt use promotion activities for these innovations.3. customer serveAs each and every company are trying to have good relations hip with the customer. So in this regard if they got any complains related to their products they replace it without wasting the time of customer.CUSTOMER SATISFACTION standardThe success of the organization lies in the satisfaction of its customers. Therefore Mitchells has always given first priority to its customers feed back and this they do by the following waysThorough questionnaire feed back formsThorough shop keepersThrough ISO procedures (CPA, Corrective and Preventive Actions)The feedbacks and opinions of the customers are very useful for them and besides this they study the feedback and try to implement that accordingly.Market trendsTrends are changing rapidly, so nobody knows the customer who will buy our product today will buy it tomorrow as well as or not. At this time quashes are in MATURITY stage. The reason is because it takes relatively more time in getting ready instead of other new drinks. So there is still not any hope to create a new market in this industry. T he only strategy Mitchells is using just to retain their existing customer and not looking for new customers. Its basically depend that customer is loyal to the product or not. The customers who are heavy users of squashes might not be shift to other substitute because they are loyal to it.Market growthNow there is no more growth in squashes industry due to consumer preferences and other factor is customer are very price conscious now. They want to have instant drinks to save their time but at cheap rates. So market has been shifted due to other drinks like pulverise drink, instant drink, juices and red syrup. So now squashes are lying in CASHCOW because it gives money but not further growth. As Mitchells is the pioneer and still leader in the market so contain major share of market so far.BCG MATRIXSWOT analysis of MitchellsStrengthsFully integrated operationsHaving its own growing and processing facilitiesModern high-volume industrial equipmentProfessional management and a traine d workforceA smooth distribution system with nationwide coverageRight products, quality and reliability.Management is committed and confident weaknessesCustomer lists not testedSome gaps in range for certain sectorsCustomer service staff needs trainingMore budget needed for Human Resource DevelopmentOpportunitiesMitchells can continue its dominance as the innovatorCan maintain its position as market leaderCan also continue to be a trend setterInternational and domestic market enlargementIntroducing new verities of food productsLocal competitors have poor productsEnd-users respond to new ideasCan surprise competitorsThreats semipolitical instabilityInternational Financial crisesChallenge of work force diversityChanging technology and conceptLegislation could impactRetention of key staff criticalPossible negative publicityMarket demand very seasonalSWOT analysis of squashesStrength power of quality which remain consistent.Weakness price and cost of ingredients used in squashes.Opport unity can define more segments like introduce squashes in small bottles so reach customer buying power.Threat all the substitute drinks. regard of squashesCompetition analysisThe competition is very fierce among the competitors so Mitchells always get the first mover advantage and still the leader of market. It has major share in the market.Direct competitors Shezan squashesIndirect competitor red syrup, instant drinksMarket sharesMitchells 40%Shezan 38%Kinza 11%Others 11% spatial relation strategyWe provide high price, high quality premium product. Our market share in only Lahore is 30% for squashes. More than 50% of the area of the shelves in the stores is covered from Mitchells squashes.PositionWe focus on positioning because it is important for developing the image that our product projects in relation to our competitors products (shezan). aligning in relation to a competitorWe place our products directly against the competitors products. this strategy is suitable for us because we have a solid differential advantage against our competitorPositioning in relation to a product class or attributeWe sell our product with the sloganWe provide farm fresh quality drinkAnd consider it to be our competitive edge against our competitors and for the same reason we focus on this attribute claiming that since we have our own farms we provide you with the squashes made of fresh fruit.Positioning by price and qualityWe consider our squashes to be a premium product. That is high quality, high price. All our customers buy them due to brand loyalty. They know that they are getting something that is worth what they are paying.Marketing mixProduct StrategyIt is a consumer product. Initially it was a convenience product but due to the colossal demand shift observed in the market the customers are more eager to buy ready to drink products.Sugar ConfectionaryNEW LAUNCHESMitchells Diet SquashesMitchells refreshing Diet Squashes are made from the Farm Fresh Fruits in a hygienic e nvironment keeping in view the health of our valued customers. Our Diet Squashes contain No Sugar and have 90% less calories than Regular Squash.Mitchells Diet Squashes are available in two flavours.Diet Mixed Fruit Squash, andDiet Orange SquashProduct life cyclePricing StrategyMitchells pricing goal is to increase sales volume and maintain or increase the market share. In order to seek higher sales volume we often apply discounting techniques or other aggressive pricing strategies.Mitchells had charged premium price due to there brand image in the market for a long time. But, due to shift in demand it has become almost to its competitors.They cannot afford to fall below certain level of prices as they have to maintain certain profit level. At this point they are facing tough competition because one glass of squash costs 7.5 Rs on the other hand the price of powdered drink is 5 Rs per glass.Cost of 810 ml of bottle of Squash for retailer (including tax) = 71 bottleCost of 810 ml of bottle of squash for consumer (including tax) = 82 bottleProfit margin = 11 bottle.Cost of 1.5 liter of bottle of squash for retailer (including tax) = 227.5 bottleCost of 1.5 liter of bottle of squash for consumer(including tax) = 244 bottleProfit margin = 16.5 bottleDistribution StrategyMitchells adopted the channel-Structure Strategy for distribution. They believe that product should be distributed directly from manufacturer to customer or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. They sell their products sometimes directly and sometimes they sell their products through retailers. Like in Lahore they need to sell thei

The Naval Blockade Of Cuba History Essay

The Naval Blockade Of Cuba History EssaySince the morning of October 16, 1962, it has been clear that Robert F. Kennedys involvement in the Cuban missile crisis was the definitive f executionor in the prevention of war. In the months precluding October, U.S experienceed U-2 spy planes notice that the Soviet Union were building surface-to-air missile launch sites. Suspicion was in addition raised from reports that at that place was an increase in the number of Soviet ships arriving in Cuba, which the United States government feared were carrying weapons. professorship washstand F. Kennedy and his own Intelligence Department watched on with great alarm, and seemed to tolerate the arms organism supplied to Cuba, as long as the Soviets did not begin to place nuclear missiles there. On September 11th, 1962, J. Kennedy warned the U.S.S.R that he would prevent by some(prenominal) means might be necessary Cubas becoming of an discourtesy military base. Robert F. Kennedy became invol ved when on October 1sixth, 1962, President John F. Kennedy revealed to him that a U-2 had just finished a photographic mission two days earlier, and had produced express that Russia was placing missiles and atomic weapons in Cuba, thus confirming the countries first suspicions. For the next thirteen days, the Cuban missile crisis became R. Kennedys sustenance2, as he joined the Presidents Executive Committee of the National Security Council, or EXCOMM, to discuss a agentable but efficient strategy. The members of the EXCOMM discussed, with the help of Robert F. Kennedy, 5 possible courses of action3Do nothing.Use diplomatical pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles.An air endeavour on the missiles.A expert military onslaughtThe naval block off of Cuba, which was delineated as a more selective quarantine.For each strategy, pros and cons were discussed betwixt the members, and it was mutually agreed upon that a plan that would avoid conflict, while still show ing the U.S.A to be loyal and serious about the situation, had to be conceived. The Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, General Maxwell. D. Taylor, whom was the military adviser for EXCOMM, disagreed and believed that the full-scale assail and invasion was the only probable solution. However, R. Kennedy was extremely sceptical of this, and it was he who helped develop the strategy to blockade Cuba, as it was, in his own mind, the only option that would avoid nuclear war. It was also important for the United States to redefine the blockade as a selective quarantine, as a blockade is a direct act of war. In reference to the new(prenominal) options available, and especially the air strike, R. Kennedy saidYoure going to kill an awful bulk of people and we are going to take a lot of heat for it youre going to announce the reason that youre doing it is because theyre sending this kind of missiles, well, I think its almost incumbent upon the Russians then to say, Well, were going to send them in again, and if you do it again were going to do the same thing to Turkey or Iran.He also believed that attacking Cuba by air would gesture the Soviets to presume a clear line to blockade Berlin, which they had do previously in 1948 after the conclusion of World War II. If the U.S. was to lose Berlin, R. Kennedy believed her allies would lose faith. He feared that doubt would be casted on the superpower, and that many would believe the only reason they lost Berlin was because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation4. On the 24th October, the blockade began, and the first 20 missile-carrying ships that were closest to the 800km blockade z hotshot at the time stopped or turned around, in order to avoid their ships being searched5. It is clear that without the ideas R. Kennedy put forth, an uncivil military strike would make believe been initiated, and it is for this reason that he is credited with contend the most pivotal role in precluding nuclear war.With R. Kennedys help and support, the U.S.A. had only roaringly stopped one problem of the crisis, for they still had to deal with the missiles already in Cuba. After many negotiations, requests, and exit strategies were discussed between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R, a plan of action became apparent to the Soviets. They would agree to dismantle their Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. never occupy Cuba, and the removal of the U.S. owned Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Italy. R. Kennedy was, at first, against this and was only willing to agree upon the no invasion policy. He believed that this would show a sign of weakness, something that the United States was powerfully trying to avoid. However, as no other options became apparent, R. Kennedy suggested their removal after a period of 6 months, as there were already plans to disassemble them. John F. Kennedy suggested his brother be the man to speak with Soviet Ambassador for the United States Anatoly Dobrynin about the crisis, and it wa s his negations with the Ambassador that vie the most essential role in the final circumstances of the predicament.R. Kennedys contact with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin was his minute of arc biggest contribution to the Cuban missile crisis. Three times R. Kennedy met with Dobrynin, with each meeting being held in sneaking(a) so that both sides, the U.S and U.S.S.R, could talk freely. Together, they discussed ideas to work out a solution. This allowed R. Kennedy to successfully convey his brothers wishes to Dobrynin, which, as tell before, called for the secret removal of all Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Italy. R. Kennedy had to make it clear that if the Soviets were to go public with their agreement, the U.S. would strongly deny it. He stated to Dobrynin that the missiles would be removed within a short time after the crisis was over, to avoid suspicion from the U.S. citizens. After each meeting, Dobrynin would cable a report through to the Russian premier(a) Nikita Khr ushchev, telling his superior of new developments in the crisis, who evidently valued these reports greatly. R. Kennedy, being an influential American official, was undefended of accurately informing Dobrynin and the Soviets how urgent the situation was. This direct contact with the Soviets was the key feature in the yield of the Cuban missile crisis, and portrays how important R. Kennedys role was in the crisis.On October 29th Russian Premier Nikitia Khrushchev wrote a letter to John F. Kennedy stating thatThe Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of notwithstanding work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as offensive and their crating and return to the Soviet Union.The quarantine continued to watch over Cuba to ensure that all offensive weapons were shipped out, and on November 20th, 1962 at 645pm the blockade was formally ended, although it was not till D ecember 5th and 6th that the final Soviet missiles were shipped off. True to his word and the informal agreement, R. Kennedy made sure that all U.S. missiles were disassembled, and by April 24, 1963 the polish of the missiles had been defected and were flown out of Turkey shortly after. These final actions show that the work R. Kennedy contributed to the United States throughout the Cuban missile crisis was extremely fundamental in the avoidance of nuclear war.It can be argued that Robert F. Kennedys role was mediocre and that the successful outcome of the Cuban missile crisis should be more broadly shared. He famously passed a line of descent on to the president, which readI now know how Tojo felt when he was planning Pearl Harbor.The blood line arises because it is unclear if R. Kennedy was making an ironic comment, ridiculing the members of EXCOMM calling for an air strike, or if he in fact meant it literally. It could have been that in the early stages of the crisis, R. Kenne dy was for an invasion of Cuba, and he genuinely felt the same way the Japanese would have. despite this, further evidence shows that R. Kennedy clearly supported the blockade, and even by simply comparing a U.S. attack on Cuba with the Japaneses bombing of Pearl Harbor, R. Kennedy was able to discredit the pro-invasion members of EXCOMM.It would seem that the evidence taken from the secret meetings and initial strategies of the Cuban missile crisis shows how crucial Robert F. Kennedys role was in precluding nuclear war. The 1930s taught a clear lesson for the field that aggressive conduct, if allowed to go unchecked and unchallenged, ultimately leads to war. The evidence suggests that the Soviets antagonism would have led to nuclear war, and it is accordingly accurate in stating that Robert F. Kennedy played the most pivotal role in averting nuclear war, as he was indeed the key voice against the U.S.S.R during the Cuban missile crisis.

The Impact Of Gothic Revival Architecture History Essay

The Impact Of gothic Revival computer architecture History EssayTerm gothic is used to describe a bolt of European Architecture which began in France in the late 12th century. It dominated grammatical construction design in Europe until the sixteenth. The wealth and causation of the church at that time provided the m integrityy and the inspiration to build extensive churches and these atomic number 18 well-nigh common, though non the only, kind of chivalric building which also includes civic buildings, university buildings, hospitals and t sustain houses.The Gothic ardour uses certain architectural design patterns to enable the creation of soaring spaces lit by legion(predicate) large windows. Romanesque architecture before the Gothic age had used two-ply walls to bear the structural load of a building. An important characteristic of Gothic building was to treat only narrow portions of the walls as load-bearers, enabling the endure of the wall to be punctured by windo ws. Buttresses (Fig.1) were also widely used, however reducing the need for thick walls and allowing spaces of enormous stature to be achieved. windows were ordinarily pointed which enabled them to be larger and higher than curved-arch windows, thus giving more light-hearted and, with the use of stained glassful, colour to the interior (Fig.2). The major characteristic of a Gothic church is its height, both real and proportional and the main personate of a Gothic church will most often coming into court the main central part of the church(called the nave(Fig.3)), as considerably taller than it is wide. It is important to refer that in addition to providing a greater flexibility to architectural general anatomy that the pointed arch also directed ones gaze to heaven.Religion was the major capricious force for the masons and carvers who created these great buildings they exercised their talents in the service of God . Great fashion model of Gothic feature is The South Ros e Window installed in 1260 at the Notre-Dame duomo which was laid in 1163 in Paris, France. Its transept depict Triumph of messiah surrounded by apostles, martyrs, the wise and foolish virgins and the story of Matthew from 12th century. It was intentional by Jean de Chelles, and is dedicated to New Testa handst. The South Rose Window which is the largest one reached 12.90 metres in diameter and, if you include its bay, a total height of nearly 19 metres. This window has been damaged several times. It is complete imitation of the original. (Fig.4). This south rose window is dominated by strong hues of proud and the jambs nurture a definite vertical and horizontal thrust.Cathedrals, abbeys and churches make the style popular and its main features which include the pointed arch (Fig.5), the ribbed vault (Fig.6) are also evident in many palaces, castles and universities, with the style seeing something of a revival meeting during the 18th-nineteenth centuries when many more structur es in the above categories were built in the Gothic style.The Gothic revival was a reaction to the classical revival and has had significant influenceas well as on the unblemished of Europe, inAustraliaandthe Americas. Re-awakening was led by John Ruskin and Augustus Pugin. This go on throughout the 19th century gradually replacing classical styles which were then prevalent. Both of these men who put forward the idea of the gothic revival saw the stool not simply in structural terms, but also in religious and spiritual terms. Those who supported the Gothic Revival held the view that religions had experienced their own supreme architectural that best expressed their ethos and spirit.They believed that Renaissance architecture was hedonist because it sought its influences from the heathen temples of Rome. Only Gothic architecture was accepted to tally the Christian Faith by Ruskin and Pugin.Ruskin, Pugin, and the others who backed the revival of the Gothic style were revolting a gainst the mechanization of the industrial revolution. The ideas they had ultimately led to the Arts and Crafts ordure with its roots firmly in the Gothic style. The greatest example of authentic Gothic Revival is the Palace of Westminster (The Houses of Parliament) which was rebuilt by Sir Charles Barry and A.W. Pugin.In 1836-37, he wrote The poesy of Architecture, serialised in Loudons Architectural Magazine. This was a study of cottages, villas, and other dwellings which centred around a Wordsworthian argument that buildings should be sympathetic to topical anesthetic environments, and should use local materials. For Ruskin, Gothic was the architecture of free craftsmen, he was against classical architecture because of its select for perfection and for its demands upon the men who were required, as slaves to build it. Their work being a natural and noble activity where the result might not have a perfect machine finish but it was an honest creation. This spirit of natural an d honest imperfection was called Savageness and was very prestigious in the Arts and Crafts movement. Ruskin believed also that rather than follow rigid style kind-hearted should dictate how buildings were knowing and craftsmen should be free to adapt and to change. This principal of faithlessness was also an important influence on Arts and Crafts thinking.Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin was the most influential English ecclesiastical architect of his day and the principal theoretician of the Gothic revivalPugin Gods Architect (1812-1852) Born in London, propagandist, and Gothic designer, A. W. N. Pugin father of ofE. W. Puginand slit Paul Pugin, and early assistant to, Augustus Charles Pugin the producer of pattern books of Gothic building, much(prenominal) asExamples of Gothic Architecture(1831). His vision was not only utilise on one field of design. From Pugins architectural practice who led him to produce stained glass, metalwork, textiles and jewellery. . After his conver sion to Roman Catholicism in 1835 Pugins propaganda charge began with the publication, of hisintemperateContrasts(1836) Pugin gave it architectural expression through comparison medieval with modern, classically inspired buildings of contrast between the unity and goodness of the middle Ages. He argued that since gothic was an expression of a Roman Catholic society, only much(prenominal) a society could produce true gothic and he continued that in PuginsThe True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture(1841) explained the Gothic as a rational he announced there the two great rules for designdefined the real nature of Gothic that there should be no features about a building which are not obligatory for propriety, construction or convenience. Second rule that all ornaments should consist of enrichment of the demand construction of the building. Buildings Designed by AWN Pugin in the South-east of Ireland include St Aidans Cathedral (pic.), Enniscorthy St Peters College, Wex ford St Michael the Archangel, Gorey and the Parish churches of Tagoat and Barntown, all in County WexfordCharleville Forest Castle (pic8) is considered as a one of the finest Gothic Revival buildings. It was built in 1798 by Charles William Bury and is dictated in County Offaly, in the Midlands of Ireland. Charleville Castle grew from paper doodles in early 1798, and was designed by Francis Johnston and he was one of the leading architects of the day. The construction of the castle took fourteen years. In main live of this Castle you can see owing(p) ceilings (pic9), Great Stairs, the Great Room the Morning Room, the Red Room, the Library, and other rooms now open to visitors which can see also gardens around the grounds. populate feature original architecture, impressive stucco and plaster work, stained glass windows, hand turned woodwork and more. Within the dining room, the ceiling owes its note to the talentedWilliam Morris, who stencilled it in the late 1860s. Charleville Castle can be expound as a quite compact building (unlike many gothic rambling castles built by the Victorians) with castellations and towers. There is also small Gothic Chapel in the main part. In 1971, Michael McMullen came into possession of the castle and began regaining works, now the Castle is owned by American Bridget Vance. It is known for generations as one of the worlds most haunted Castles and which was abandoned in 1912 and through the war for Independence. Legends say the castle was builton the site of an ancient druid burial ground.ConclusionFrom my research, Gothic architecture of the past and Gothic Revival of Irish Architecture, are inter-linked and yet distinctive. Architecture has always been about design and enhancing the beauty, require and style of the buildings around us. Even as far back as the twelfth century the Gothic movement was aimed at enhancing buildings egg. Churches which were possibly the most important types of Gothic revival architecture in Ireland. This was achieved by utilise large stained glass windows which were fascinating in their ability to widen a story of Religious significance. The Gothic era of that time insured that these windows were to be made bigger which in turn would have made more inviting to not on locals but to visitors to the area as well. On a local level it would be very hard not to refer to.

Stages Of A Typical Performance Management System Management Essay

Stages Of A Typical Performance Management clay Management EssayPerformance force pop extinct be defined as the end result of an activity. A utensilation steering frame and so is defined as a regale of establishing doing standards and evaluating performance in rate to arrive at objective human beings resource decisions as hale as to provide documentation to support those decisions. (Stephen P. Robbins, 2005, p. 296)A wakeless performance counseling system is essential for interact to be equal to(p) to manage the dwindling person performance. To develop a good system move tout ensembleow need to consider the three main aspects of managing individual performance, these overwhelm planning performance, delivering and supervise and conventional assessment and rejoin. These atomic number 18 well illustrated in the performance cycle as illustrated by figure 1 belowFigure 1Stages of a typical performance c be system Source (Derek Torrington, p. 263)The first key as pect of managing individual performance is the planning performance stage. This is where a theater director at act sits pass with his subject and they collaboratively set individual objectives originally obtained from team objectives and the agreed job description. These objectives argon fareing in a way that they excessively swirl potential phylogeny as well as fulfilling the world(a) compositions general objectives. They should too include measures of how they sack be assessed. genius common access code managers purpose in setting these objectives is with the SMART acronym. This suggests that the objectives set should be Specific, Measur adequate, Appropriate, relevant and Timed. A good example of a good objective for an employee running(a) in the broker information department could beTo develop a in the raw mobile ph unrivalled piece by March 2010 (started in January 2010)It is important that managers do non forget to plan for the support, cultivation and resources inevit adapted for the employee to be able to accomplish the objectives.The second key aspect is the delivering and monitoring performance stage. As the interact employee sets about to achieve the performance agreed, the bowl should meet that he is available at all fourth dimensions so that the employee bear consult him/her at any moment when needed. thither whitethorn be much or less unpredicted hindrances towards the acquirement of performance and in just about instances targets whitethorn energize to be revised. Ongoing coaching is important whereby the manager can guide the employees through news and providing constructive feedback. Continuous idle reviews held between the employee and his manager should be carried out so as to meet that plough is going as agreed and whether the agreed performance pass on be attainable by the agreed dates. Objectives contracted off as complete and recognition of drub through so removed friend to act as motivation for the employee in the future for new(prenominal) objectives in time to be completed.The live key aspect of the performance cycle is the formal assessment and reward stage. This stage involves regular reviews of the development of the objectives and to motivate the employee. one-year reviews argon to a fault necessary in this stage whereby what has been achieved is compargond with what had been set to be achieved which may affect recompense and salary increments.interact managers should take detect that employees see reviews as fair entirely if the targets set are realizable and judgements were seen to be consistent throughout the organization. Different agencys of appraising employees could be espo hire in order to make the best assessment but a popular and widely used coming is the problem solving vogue which is one of the courses developed by the American psychologist, Norman Maier. This approach suggests that The au thuslyticator starts the interview by encouraging the employee to identify and discuss problem areas and then consider solutions. The employee in that locationfore imparts an active part in analysing problems and suggesting solutions, and then valuation of performance emergence from the discussion at the appraisal interview, instead of universe imposed by the appraiser upon the employee. (Anderson, 1993, p. 102). However, it should be taken none that this expressive style processs best if the employees are ready for it and the mangers are willing to guide in this way which is non always the case.After the reviews puzzle been conducted and achievement of mail service of works has been steep, reward is necessary. Most wariness systems include pay in the reward package but ongoing research has shown that element of pay had real little effect in the motivation of employees. Other forms of reward early(a) than monetary such as promotion and crack of individual development opportunities are found to be to a greater ex tent motivating to employees.In order for the successful implementation of a performance management system, line managers who are closer to the employees need to be included in the human being imaging team when designing the system. Training of the line managers is essential before and during the excogitation of the system.Task 2Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge.Learning and development is an essential part in donjoning the performance of interacts employees up to standard. Currently, there have been issues and complains from the employees about the tonicity of training beingness offered, and the lack of enough training to bind the component developers up to date with emerging technologies.This is a serious problem for interact being the particular that it is operating in an industriousness that requires a last degree of innovation and creativity. It indicates the need for an effective good deal development strategy.A good approach that could be used to establish an effective mountain development strategy would be the systematic training cycle. This cycle includes for whole tone that are identifying training needs, designing development activity, carrying out development and evaluating development. This can be illustrated by the diagram below.EnvironmentBusiness strategy peck development strategyFigure 2A systematic representative of tuition and training Source (Derek Torrington, p. 391)Considering figure 2, the first tincture in the model is identifying training and learning needs.Before any activity can commence, interact managers should take short letter that identifying these needs should not be the doctor graphic symbol of the human resource team but should be a process that involves the employees too. Employees about to receive training should not be considered as subjects but as participants of the scheme.interact managers should also take note that raw day effective training requires not only a point on development of technical acquisitions alone but also person-to-person skills, attitudes and self-management therefore broadening the needs scope.One approach that interact managers could use to identify the training and learning needs is the problem centred approach. This approach analyses whether there are any performance problems and analyses whether they are caused by lack of skill and if so, which. The gap between expected performance and actual performance is the one that helps to bring about the training need.For example, an identified problem with interact is that the component developers are not up to date with new technological development therefore the training need would be to continuously keep the developers up to date.After training needs have been identified, the next step will be designing the development activity. on that point various methods of learning and development that Interact managers could use such as education and training courses (off job), manager coa ching and teaching, self development groups and open and distance learning. (On job).The next step is carrying out the development activity.For education and training courses, Interact managers could use the consultancy courses. They could oscilloscope from one day to several weeks in most cases. These have the prefer that they enable employees from various organisations to meet and share their experiences. In order to be real effective, they should concentrate on specific skills of knowledge, such as being introduced to new technological developments. Management should take note that these courses are commonly expensive despite the fact that they are of short duration.There is a big challenge that Interact managers should be prepared to type and that is the ensuring of the convey of what the employees have learnt back to the organisation. To counteract this problem, managers could set goals for implementing new skills once the employees take back from training.In case the I nteract management decide to use on job training methods take manager coaching and teaching as an example, the line manager will act as a instruct or coach for the trainees involved. He will provide feedback, counselling, encouragement discussion and sincere feedback.Management should however take note that not all line managers can provide effective coaching, as it requires good interpersonal skills and commitment from the manager to accept the coaching region.Interact management could also support the use of self development groups whereby informal groups formed by employees come together and discuss organisational issues, personal development and individual work problems. The group should however be headed by an experienced leader who plays the role of a facilitator and to some uttermost, a source of information. This group leader could free off as the group matures. Such a method of learning and development requires a high take of commitment from the group members and a clo se follow up on the side of management.The final step in the learning cycle is the evaluating development stage. While evaluating development, changes in skills, knowledge, deportment and attitudes need to be considered. However, research has proved that it is actually very un authorisationlable to asses some aspects of learning or training that have been carried out such as changes in attitudes and behaviour. A post course questionnaire could be issued out to the trainees but this usually tends to evaluate the course and not the training.Evaluation could also be carried out by setting up goals basing on what the individuals have learnt during training and the extent to which the employees meet these goals would indicate how effective the training had been.It is recommended that managers should keep on evaluating the trainees continuously from the beginning as they attend the training courses and not to pin the evaluation process at the end of the course.Task 3Leadership can be de fined as the Process in which an individual influences other group members towards the attainment of group or organisational goals. (Shackleton, 1995, p. 2)There is a close link between leadership and motivation and performance implying that the leadership style being used may have any positive(p) or negative impacts on these. Due to the recession, Interact choose a alternatively domineering approach and have become more task focused.An autocratic leader is a leader who tends to centralise authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions and limit employee participation. (Stephen p. Robbins, 2005, p. 593) The advantage of such a style is that it leads to quick decision do and work acquiring make on time.However, there are various negative impacts Interact could face as result of applying such a leadership style.To start with, agree to Vrooms expectancy theory which says that An individual tends to act in a veritable way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given final result and on the enchantingness of that outcome to the individual. (Stephen p. Robbins, 2005, p. 405), we can see that expectancy has an impact on motivation. Therefore not expecting employees to perform unless they are directed to will only cause them to gestate in that way leading to demotivation and poor performance.Also using Maslows hierarchy of needs, the need for affiliation could be a motivational factor. Therefore not involving employees in the decision qualification process and centralising authority only makes the employees feel alienated and thus end up feeling demotivated.The autocratic style of leadership also fails to recognise that social needs are a motivational factor for employees. Maslow recognised the need for affiliation as an important attribute in human motivation therefore making decisions or planning activities while excluding those who are going to be stirred may demotivate them.Autocratic leadership also makes the emplo yees feel that the organisation does not sureness them enough to make wise decisions for the good of the organisation. This demotivates them and makes them feel bid they are not a part of the organisation or not responsible enough.As a result of being very task oriented, such as style does not have much absorb for the needs of their subordinates. This is clearly indicated by the lack of a sound human resource function and the fact that the Interact management has so far refused to meet with the group of employee representatives who are trying to voice employee stirs. This has led to feelings of resentment, monomania and a drop in performance levels.In conclusion, the autocratic style of leadership has a rather more negative impact than positive effects, but this is not to say that Interact should not apply it, rather they could blend it in with other styles of leadership. Using the managerial storage-battery grid designed by Blake and Mouton,THE MANAGERIAL GRIDHigh concern fo r people clinical depression concern for productionCountry Club managementHigh concern for peopleHigh concern for productionTeam management belittled concern for peopleLow concern for productionImpoverished managementLow concern for peopleHigh concern for productionAuthority-compliance management HighPeopleLow Production HighThe managerial grid Source (Derek Torrington, p. 304)Most managers agree that the best leadership style would be the team management which has both high concerns for people and production but there is a new approach that suggests that the best style is to use all these four styles together basing on contrary times and different situations.Task 4The complaints voiced by employees over the need to work harder and time-consuming to keep their jobs and increase levels of stress are a sign that the quality of the work life at Interact is deteriorating. Work-life balance is very important as it keeps the employees happy and contented with their jobs therefore trim down absenteeism and dollar volume.There are a number of practices that management at Interact could implement so as to improve the situation.To begin with, fling the employees flexible works hours would greatly help employees who need more time outside the job.Allowing young-bearing(prenominal) workers to have their maternity leaves also enables to keep the employees happy with their rate of flow jobs.The Interact management can also train their line managers to deal with employee stress. The line managers should encourage the employees to talk and voice out what is truly getting them express up.An increased level of stress at work is a resume wake up call that Interact needs to change its style of leadership and control. Not allowing employees to freely raise their voices over the different issues in the organisation and refusing to recognise their representative group only makes them feel unrewarding and demoralised.Interact could also reorganise their working(a) practice s such that the workers could get work done without having to spend extra long hours to work while maintaining the aforementioned(prenominal) quality of performance.The amount of days employees can get in their leaves should be adequate full-grown employees enough time to rest and relax so that they can replication to work revitalised.For those workers who may not be able to get to work but and tho their jobs do not invite their physical presence at the premises, interact could offer them alternatives of working at home. This will help to boost performance while at the same time saving valuable time lost when the work is not done at all.In case workers are having to work overtime, Interact should devise a payment scheme that covers these extra hours in a manner that is of mutual benefit with the employees.Interact could even go to the extent of ensuring that maternity pay is reasonable and comfortable for the employees. This will make them return to work much more happily and boost their attachment to the company.For those in areas where the work demands them to do the same routine job everyday, Interact management could introduce rotation where other employees doing other routine work could be set up to be exchanging activities so as to prevent them from getting bored.However there are some limitations that Interact should take note about work-life balance policies. For example, some policies such as maternity pay only target the female employees therefore bringing about a feeling of neglect with the other employees. some other problem is the fact that some policies may actually be put in place and yet employees may not take them up and use them.Task 5Absenteeism can be defined as theTo tackle this problem, Managers at Interact need to set up a procedure to solve the absenteeism problem. The process could involve the following stepsIdentify the absence problem invest the absence problemIdentify and prioritize the cause of absence pass judgment the cur rent control methodDesign the absence control courseImplement the absence control broadcastMonitor the effectiveness of the programThe first step of solving the absenteeism problem is assessing it. Interact could do this by collecting statistical data about thee current absence levels. This can be done by gathering information on how galore(postnominal) people did not come in to work for a certain(prenominal) period of time.After the pattern has been identified, the next step is to locate the absence problem. This is done by using collected data to rule out which specific departments had the highest levels of absentees for the period.The next step is to identify the cause of absence in the departments selected. An autocratic leadership style of the line managers in Interact, longer working hours, low levels of responsibility and decision making could result into dissatisfaction with the job situation therefore leading to a rise in absence levels.Evaluating the current absence co ntrol method is what follows after the causes of absence have been identified. During evaluation, Interact should be able to see the weaknesses of the current control program and why it is failing to work effectively.After evaluation, Interact should design a new control program that tackles the problem. There are a few recommendations of measures that could be put in place to help reduce the problem,First of all, I would recommend to Interact that they should try and maintain continuous contact with the employees who are absent from work. This is known to greatly reduce the length of absence and shows the employee that the organisation in concerned about the well being of its people. One shoot the breeze a month by the line manager of the employee could be effective. some other useful activity that interact could do to manage absence is to include attendance levels in the performance review at the end of the year. Having high levels of absence during the year would be considered a s underperformance in the review.I would also recommend that the line managers undergo training so as to ensure that the absence procedures are effectively carried out. Proper training on how to traveling bag employees who are frequently absent could greatly reduce the absence levels.A deep understanding of the causes of absence would enable Interact to be able to tackle the absenteeism problem. Known causes of absenteeism at Interact include, employees working longer hours and increased levels of stress. When trying to identify the problems, management should not only consider what the absentees have filed as the reason for their absence as research has shown that they tend to economise excuses that appear valid to the organisation. Interact should build a culture of trust with its employees such that they can get them to explain the real causes of absence and thus they can respond to them effectively.The last step after the absence control program has been designed is to impleme nt it while continuously monitoring it by collecting statistical data to observe whether the absence levels are go or not. If it is not effective then Interact have to find out why, make the necessary corrections and continue with itTask 6Employee employee turnover rate rate is the rate at which employees voluntarily leave their jobs. At interact, the level of employee turnover has been relatively high. Collecting information on staff turnover is quite difficult to collect though one best approach could be by using exit interviews. However, there are some major reasons why staff could be leaving interact.Push factorsOne reason why Interact employees could be leaving their jobs is because of Push factors. This innovation suggests poor working conditions, people development strategy, dissatisfaction with company policies, negative effects of autocratic leadership style, job insecurity among others to be the cause of forcing people to leave the organisation. In other words, Intera ct is pushing away its employees by failing to provide a good organisational and working environment to keep the employees satisfied. Interact could control this cause by making the organisation more employee friendly.Another reason why employees could be leaving Interact is because of kink factors. This concept implies that rival employers in the telephone component manufacturing industry are pulling Interact employees towards them. This could be because they are paying higher salaries, offering better benefit packages, training opportunities or they have more attractive working environments. The best way Interact could reduce turnover caused by this way is by first of all analysing what other organisations in the industry are offering that is making them more attractive and therefore making sure they can level up. Another approach is by identifying unique(p) selling points offered by Interact that other organisations dont have and communicating them to staff.Employees could also be leaving Interact as a result of practicable turnover. This is a situation where employee resignations are accepted by both Interact and the employee involved. This could be because of failure of the employee to conform with the organisational culture or as a result of continuous poor performance. The best way to handle turnover caused in this way is by improving the recruitment process so as to avoid such people in the first place. exterior factors could also be making employees leave Interact. These are reasons that have zipper to do with the job. They could be leaving because their partners are leaving the city, personal want for self employment. In this situation, there is nothing much that Interact could do to stop these kinds of employees from leaving the organisation as it is beyond their control.The rate of employee turnover at Interact could be greatly reduced by displace in place certain strategies so as to manage the turnover pass judgment.Firstly one tool that Int eract could use is pay. Research has shown that organisations offering higher salaries appear more attractive than those with less. However, pay alone may not be enough to keep the employees from leaving. It should be combined with other benefits such as holidays, healthcare offers and staff discounts. The best approach in offering such benefits is by letting the employees pick benefits that they prefer as different employees may be interested in different packages.Another tool that Interact could use to help reduce turnover rates is putting in place family friendly Human Resource practices. Considering the fact that many people leave work due to family and personal reasons giving employees more time to spend with their families through holiday packages, flexible working hours and a well paid maternity leave may greatly help to reduce the rates.Improving the quality of line management may also help to reduce the turnover rates as these managers play a critical role in employee relat ions. To ensure that the selected line managers are effective, they should be selected basing on their supervisory capabilities, undergo training and appraised on their supervisory skills.Finally induction is also known to help in reducing early staff turnover rates as it helps to fit the employee into the organisation and defines his/her role in it. Organisational induction could be done by the Human resource department and may include a presentation on health and safety regulations and fire evacuation procedures. This type of induction could last a few days. The other type of induction is the job-based induction. This usually takes longer and is mostly carried out by the immediate line manager and in the background, fellow employees and includes activities like getting to know the organisation culture, how work is done and what is expected of him/her.Managing employee expectations from the beginning could also play a crucial role in reducing the turnover rates. This is done by let ting the employee know exactly what to expect from his job right at the start of his/her life so that they are more prepared when they face the challenges. Challenges could include time pressures etc

Neuroscience, Psychotherapy and Neuropsychotherapy

Neuroscience, Psych separateapy and Neuro mental hygieneToni KillinTherapeutic strategies harbour been built from hundreds of years of experience. These strategies engage over time proved their effectiveness for event problems (Cozolino, 2010) (Grawe, 2007). The theater of operations of Neuroscience looks at foreland structures and functions it is a large sketch encompassing neurobiology, neurochemistry and aras of psychology. Neuropsych new(prenominal)apy blends the field of neuroscience and psychformer(a)apy unitedly. The emphasis being placed on the neuroscientific foundations of psychotherapy. Present profound neuroscientific research findings offer psychotherapy scientific support, putting forward a new and fresh perspective for therapists. Neuropsychotherapy tries to remove the invisible barrier in the midst of mind and forefront (Cozolino, 2010) (Grawe, 2007). Both the mind and encephalon are evenly important, focusing on either one at the cost of the other wou ld be to act as if one is irrelevant (Cozolino, 2010). My contact with clients and professionals much(prenominal) as therapists, psychiatrists and psychologists led to my interest in Gestalt Therapy. Although my procreation in Gestalt Therapy is a passion, the journey has been a difficult learning experience. The experiential nature of Gestalt therapy has proven difficult for me to intern solelyy intellectualize. It has been this difficulty that led me to readings on neuroscience, as a way to meet, more(prenominal) fully, the mechanisms behind psychotherapy in general, in particular experiential modalities. These modalities reflecting good successes in areas that other modalities were bug outing to be unaccompanied mildly successful (Cozolino, 2010)(Grawe, 2007). I read this as an opportunity to have a deeper and different perspective on the therapeutic process and the therapeutic relationship.Consequently, this literature review go away be divided into three sections. The scratch will give a rudimentary overview of what neuroscience is and the emergent findings within this field of psychotherapeutic interest.I will then relate neuroscientific findings broadly to the field of psychotherapy. Subsequently, I will relate some of these findings to some of the methodologies of Gestalt Therapy bringing findings from neuroscience together in the therapeutic relationship with a view to seeing Gestalt Therapy and psychotherapy in general from new and helpful vantage invests.Given that neuroscience is a diverse field encompassing many professions, it is important to make the government none that this paper will look at neuroscientific findings barely in the consideration of psychotherapy and neuropsychotherapy. at that place are standardised professional differences not cover as part of this paper between clinical neuropsychologists, clinical neuropsychotherapists and psychotherapists that have good experience of areas of neuroscience that are of interes t to the modality that they practice.Neuroscience is a multiplex area of study to define it h seniors its place within all the sciences that need with the nervous system such(prenominal) as Neurobiology, Neurochemistry, Neuropharmacology and Neuroanatomy. Neuroscience also draws on the knowledge found within many of the traditional disciplines such as Biology, which looks at the living matter in all its general anatomys and phenomena. Biochemistry, the chemistry of living matter. Physiology a branch of biology that deals with functions and activities of living organisms. Pharmacology that delves into the preparation, holds and effects of drugs and Experimental psychology which uses experimental methods to study mental and emotional activity in animals and universe (What is Neuroscience, 2012) (dictionary.com),(Stonehill College, Congregation of the Holy Cross, 2014).Neuropsychotherapy (NPT) is a term used to condense and coincide neuroscientific knowledge in a variety of appl ications and treatments (Neuropsychotherapy.org, 2014). Neuropsychotherapists come from a spacious range of medical and therapeutic backgrounds. A neuropsychotherapist is aware of the body-psyche interaction and uses their training and knowledge to carry out therapeutic assessments and treatments.Recent discoveries show that our experiences tack the shape of our school principal. Individual areas grow or channel by adding minuscule amounts of the brain aflutter circuitry and eliminating old ones(Aherne, 2012). Knowledge such as this will help the evolution of more effective therapies, healthier connections will get along recovery. This type of thinking challenges the metaphors of the past, visually perceiving brains as machines. Analogies made for computers with references to fixed circuitry and hardwiring (Doidge, 2011). lamentable beyond the 20th century where the brain was modelled as a placid perspective, we now see the brain as infinite in complexity. necessity region alised connections are well distributed and integrated throughout the brain. Functions that were thought to be yet in localised areas, now are known to participate with other parts of the brain(Fialkoff Jones, 2010) . New research includes exploring the interaction between neurochemical transmitters and brain cells, looking for at previously unknown functions of neurons and glials, the most common cells in the brain(Fialkoff Jones, 2010) . There are four principles that become apparent to our understanding of the brain centers. The brain is complex, connected, adaptable ( credit card) and evolved. The brain is adaptive, constantly rewriting itself. This ability to grow and change is referred to as plasticity. The brain not only creates new connections and develops greater carnal space based on need, it also has the ability to erase old and unused connections (Doidge, 2011). The notion of a brain that flowerpot re-design its own form and function through thought and activity i s profound. This is amongst the foremost important alterations of the brain since our understanding of basic anatomy and the functioning of its most elementary component, the neuron(Doidge, 2011). similar all revolutions, this has profound effects. The neuroplastic revolution has many implications, all areas that trade with military man nature, such as our understanding of relationships, addictions, culture, learning and psychotherapies all change our brain. The humanities, complaisant and physical sciences will all have to come to terms with the circumstance of the self changing brain. From person to person the brains architecture is unique and changes the argumentation of individuals lives (Doidge, 2011). One of neurosciences most extraordinary discovery is that thinking, learning and acting base turn our genes on or off, thus sharpening our brain anatomy and our deportment (Doidge, 2011). Brain plasticity is a very general term, applied to all ways that the brain is flexibl e and can process information in different ways (Buczynski,). A simplified example of steps in neural plasticity would begin with an inability in neurological functioning, this would perish to the founding of a secondary route. With use this secondary route finds shorter pathways and gets faster and better at using these secondary neural pathways. With prolonged use and exposure these pathways continue to strengthen (Doidge, 2011). In the brain, there is an optimal point of plasticity at moderate ranges of arousal. Neural growth hormones and many of the processes that look sharp plasticity turn off at low levels of arousal, turn on at moderate levels, and turn off again at luxuriously levels (Buczynski,). This is important information when looking at encouraging new neural pathways. Creating an experience in therapy that results in neuroplasticity are to some degree a marker of successful therapy(Buczynski,). Another prominent discovery in neuroscience that is console getting a ttention is that of reflect neurons.Mirror neurons are smart cells(reference) laying crush inner depictions within our brain and possibly our bodies. Mirror neurons permit us to comprehend the actions, intentions and feelings of others. These neurons, held in many parts of our brains, fire not only when we perform an action, such as holding hands, but also when when see others perform actions. Mirror neurons are not limited only to action, they are also stimulated when we experience an emotion and when we visually perceive others experiencing an emotion, such as pleasure, sorrow or distress(Lacoboni, 2008). Within the neuroscientific community mirror neuron research in humans has been polemic, no one piece of demo being categorically accepted as proof that mirror neurons experience within humans. This however does not detract from the plethora of evidence backing mirror neurons in humans (Keysers Gazzola, 2010) given technological reasons have frustrated the finding of indivi dual mirror neurons (Vivona, 2009) supporting evidence has come from the pneumoencephalogram (EEG) recordings, behavioural experiments and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies (Keysers Gazzola, 2010). In short research has shown that mirror neurons exist somewhere in the human brain and are not restricted to premotor and inferior parietal cortex. Research has also shown that certain neurons appear to have anti-mirror properties. When these neurons work in combination with mirror neurons they could help the brain perform internal simulations of other peoples actions, simultaneously selectively blocking perspicuous motor output and remove ambiguities from who performed the action (Gallese, 2008) (Keysers Gazzola, 2010).Implications in psychotherapyNeuroplasticity does not always espouse uplifting discussion our brains may be more resourceful, but are also more susceptible to outside impacts . Neuroplasticity can produce more flexibility, but also more rigid behaviours, this is called the plastic paradox(Doidge, 2011, p. 6), some of our most tenacious habits and disorders are products of plasticity. Once a particular plastic change occurs and becomes well established, it can prevent other changes from from occurring. Considering both the positive and negative properties of plasticity help us understand the extent of human possibilities (Doidge, 2011).In text referenceBibliography Neuropsychotherapy.org. (2014). NPT Neuropsychotherapy. online Retrieved from http//www.neuropsychotherapy.org/index.html Accessed 14 Apr 2014.ReferencesAherne, D. (2012). medicament or psychotherapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Retrieved from http//inside-the-brain.com/tag/dr-declan-Buczynski, R. (). The Neurocience of Psychotherapy, duplicate of a teleseminar session, Louis Cozolino, PhD, conducted by Ruth Buczynski, Phd of NICABM./Interviewer Ruth Buczynski. The National Institute for the clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine, www.nicabm.com.Cozol ino, L. J. (2010). The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy Healing the Social Brain (2nd ed.). ergocalciferol Fifth Avenue, New York N.Y. 10110 W.W.Norton Company Inc.Doidge, MD, N. (2011). The brain that changes itself, stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Retrieved from http//www.slideshare.net/krishnamohangorle/thebrainthatchangesitselfFialkoff, L., Jones, N. (2010). Brain based research, overview of recent neuroscience. Retrieved from http//www.slideshare.net/Lfialkoff/brain-based-research-overview-of-recent-neuroscienceGallese, V. (2008, September). Empathy, Embodied Simulation, and the brain Commentry on Aragno and Zepf/Hartmann. American Psychoanalytical Association, 56(3), 769-81,803,805-9. http//dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065108322206Grawe, K. (2007). Neuropsychotherapy How the Neurosciences Inform Effective Psychotherapy. 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 Mahwah Routledge outgrowth of the taylor and Francis Group.Keysers, C., Gazzola, V. (2010, Ap ril 27th). Social Neuroscience Mirror Neurons Recorded in Humans. Current-Biology, 20(8), 353-354. http//dx.doi.org/http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.013Lacoboni, M. (2008). Mirroring people The New erudition of How We Connect With Others. In Mirroring People The New Science of How We Connect With Others. Retrieved from http//online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB121191836113423647Stonehill College, Congregation of the Holy Cross. (2014). What is Neuroscience. Retrieved from http//www.stonehill.edu/academics/areas-of-study/neuroscience/what-is-neuroscience/.Vivona, J. M. (2009, June). Leaping from Brain to Mind a criticism of Mirror Neuron Explanations of Countertransference. Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association, 57(3), 525-550. http//dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065109336443What is Neuroscience. (2012). Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248680

Educational Approaches in the ECCE Sector Ireland

Educational flackes in the ECCE Sector IrelandMarie GreyAistear the earlyish pincerishness Curriculum Frame make up.Aistear is the national course of instruction framework set in dis mastermind all around Ireland. It is for early education from birth-6yrs. on that point is not mavin specific programme or curriculum to follow. It was put in place to help in schools, pre-schools, crches, and within the home. By working almost with p arnts, teachers and practitioners Aistear provides a safe and pleasurable culture experience. Aistear is all about skill by range. Its quaternity themes are as followsWell-Being-This is about the boilersuit eud aspirationonia of the peasant. Such as physically, mentally, spiritually, and ruttishly. I gravel utilize this aim as an example of what Well-being is. identify 3 Children get out be fanciful and spiritual.( issue Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA), 2009).Identity and Belonging-Is to know themselves as a bizarre i ndividual, to rifle as part of a group and part of the world. not to aspect left out, to feel accepted and equal. I found this aim explains Identity and Belonging very well. Aim1 Children leave alone perk up strong self-identities and entrust feel respected and affirmed as unique individuals with their consume smell stories.(NCCA, 2009)Exploring and Thinking-Feeling confident to explore, try new things, be curious, use imagination, concur a mind of their aver, feature sound judgements, views and thoughts. Learn to solve troubles use their own initiative. This aim shows how this particular theme laughingstock be used. Aim 4 Children will exact positive attitudes towards discipline and ascend dispositions homogeneous curiosity, playfulness, perseverance, confidence, resourcefulness, and happen taking. (NCCA, 2009)Communication-Being able to communicate openly/ ridly. Language development, listening skills. To interact as part of a group. By taking a check at the a ims you can beguile how they are used. Aim 2 Children will use words (NCCA, 2009)High reachThe HighScope curriculum was developed for day-cares, play groups, nurseries and crches. It involves a muss of free play. development through play. Its not as structured as differents. Children sustain their own choices about the activities they wish to do, adults have to adopt sure they follow through on their decisions. By using recyclable materials and labelling shelves and areas where everything goes, they select to tidy up when theyre finished and earnings confidence by making their own decisions. Children learn about science, maths, technology, reasoning, language and the world around them. HighScope invites shop for parents and lots of involvement from them. Using methods like intent-do-review, HighScope carrys the pincerren opportunities to plan their activity, proceed with it and come back to review and reflect with the adult. The child can express what they did, how and why, if they enjoyed it, or if doing art they show the adult what they do and can feel proud of their hard work. HighScope teachers ar sphere and label schoolroom interest areas and stock diverse materials to give children a broad range of experience and help them begin to understand how the world can be organised. (Epstein, pg13, 2007)Aistear and HighScope Aims and Goals.Aistear vs. HighScopeSimilarities.Aistear has four themes- HighScope has fifty eight Key Developmental Indicators. (KDIs).They both have learnedness goals. For example a attainment goal from Aistears Well-being- Aim 1 Be confident and self-reliant. Example of HighScopes five ingredients of alert participatory knowledge or learning goals- Choice Children are free to use the materials even they choose when doing plan-do-review.They both plan for the same overall outcome to accept the childs holistic development and in any case the best interest of each child.They both centre their curriculums on learning thro ugh play and the surroundings.Differences.Aistears four themes are Well-being, Communication, Identity and Belonging, Exploring and Thinking. here(predicate) are a few of HighScopes (KDIs) Initiative, Social Relations, Creative Representation, case Music, Language Literacy, and Mathematics Science.HighScope is a more(prenominal) structured curriculum than Aistear.There is a lot more Aims and goals in HighScope than Aistear.Aistear is an Irish founded curriculum HighScope is an American founded curriculum.Aistears themes can be very easily incorporated into the HighScope curriculum. By using the main four themes and knowing the aims and learning goals the HighScope method can then be reviewed alongside Aistear. That panache a new or updated curriculum can be conducted. For instance when using plan-do-review in HighScope, Aistears theme of Thinking and Exploring can be used. How I would do this in an wee Childhood Care and Education (ECCE).By letting the children go and plan their own activities and use their intuitive to explore the world around them. They would be then using both curriculums together. Any or all aspects of Aistears four themes can be used or incorporated into HighScopes method of plan-do-review. Another example would be if the child planned to do art. This would cover Aistears individuation and belonging, Thinking and exploring and communication. Why I dictate communication, the child would be communicating their feelings through their creativity and individuality.Here are some of the learning goals that Aistear and HighScope useWell-beingChildren will show considerably judgement when taking risks. Identity and Belonging Children will appreciate the features that make a person special and unique (name, size, hair, hand and footprint, gender, birthday). (ncca.ie 2014). In my opinion these deuce curriculums work very well together, and strengthener the teachers and practitioners in their judgment of why they need to provide these opportunities for children.Basic Principles and Goals of the High/Scope Approach Communicating Children will develop counting skills, and a growing appreciation of the meaning and use of numbers and mathematical language in an enjoyable and meaningful way. Exploring and Thinking Children will gather and use information from distinct sources using their increasing cognitive, physical and social skills. In partnership with the adult, children willdemonstrate growing confidence in being able to do things for themselvesmake decisions and take increasing responsibility for their own learning displace on their curiosity, take risks and be open to new ideas and uncertainty. (ncca.ie 2014).It is in my opinion very important to support each individuals learning opportunities and experiences at this early stage in their lives.The High/Scope program strives to develop in children a broad range of skills, including the problem solving, interpersonal, and communication skills that are essentia l for successful living in a rapidly changing society. The curriculum encourages student initiative by providing children with materials, equipment, and time to pursue activities they choose. At the same time, it provides teachers with a framework for guiding childrens independent activities toward sequenced learning goals. (Education.com High Scope A Constructivist Approach 2009).3. Theorists views linking with HighScope and Aistear.Margaret McMillanKnown for her theories on free-play and outdoors, she relate to most of the day to day outdoor activities children experience in an ECCE put such as exploring the garden, seeing different types of bugs and exploring the outdoor surround. in addition acting freely in nature. Which cover Aistears themes communication, identity and belonging, well-being, thinking and exploring. It in addition covers most of HighScope learning goals of exploring the purlieu and world around them and also risk taking and problem solving.McMillan belie ved that children learn by exploring, first-hand experience and active learning. Also they learn through free-play, especially with craft and water activities. Early learning (2014) she cared for children from 18 months to 7yrs old.The best classroom and the richest cupboard is roofed only by the sky. Inspirational Posters Early learning (2014) blue jean Piagets cognitive Theory of kneadPlay is in a relaxed environment where learning can occur easily.Play is not the same as learning, cognitive development requires both assimilation and adaption, and play is assimilation without accommodation.Piaget is by and large cognize for this four stage surmisalSensory- beat back power point birth 2yrs.Pre-operational Stage 2yrs-7yrs.Stage of Concrete Operations 7yrs -11yrs.Stage of Formal Operations 11yrs -16yrs.Both curriculums support the development of this theory in HighScope children have the choice to choose their own learning. Thus giving them independence and free thinking at a yo ung age. By using Jean Piagets theory of cognitive play each child will have coarse benefits in their learning combined with the support and independence HighScope is providing and the freedom and support of their identity and well-being Aistear is providing. Overall the three used together would give great support and work well to help the child holistically within their development. term also giving them a better understanding of themselves and the world. Although Piaget suggests in his theory play is not the same as learning I disagree, children learn through play.Piaget suggests Children have significant understanding only of that which they invent themselves, and each time that we try to teach them something too quickly, we keep them from reinventing it themselves. (The Centurys Greatest Minds, Time, 1999) Jean Piaget QuotesPiagets other theories are Play and Imagination, Play and Reason, Piaget suggests there are four types of playFor example symbolic play and doing puzzles which promotes thinking and exploring and communication which are two of Aistears themes. As for HighScope problem solving is one of their learning goals so as you will see in the quote below children use their imaginations to replay something they may have witnessed or experienced, maybe even seen on a T.V show through their play or role play. At this time they may be resolving the conflict or situation in a way that they would have liked it to be resolved. Which again is using both curriculums and the theories of Piaget.Sensory- Motor or physical, playWhen the child repeats an action like swinging their legs/ mail just for the gaiety of it.Symbolic PlayImaginationIt is primarily affectional conflicts that appear in symbolic play. If there is a scene at lunch, for example, one can be sure that an hour or two afterward it will be recreated with dolls and will be brought to a happier solution. If the child has been frightened by a dog, in a symbolic game things will be arranged so that dogs will no long-lived be mean or children will become brave. Jean Piaget quotes (2014)4. Learning Opportunities and Holistic Development.In my opinion Aistear offers each child the probability to fulfil their potential as an individual learning about themselves, where they belong within their family, community and the world. What I mean by this, by exploring their environment and having fun, safe and fulfilling learning experiences in a fun, child orientated with support from adults but not over powering or controlled by adults and a friendly, stimulating environment. They will learn how to socialise, make decisions, solve problems, and build strong bonds or relationships.They will also benefit holistically in their development by doing fun and age appropriate, challenging and inspiring activities which will support them in their physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social development. (P.I.L.E.S).Aistears approach is one that allows the child to lead their own activities with support of adults only when the child needs or requests it. The adults are mostly there to ensure the materials provided are appropriate to support each childs needs.Also to provide a warm, safe, hygienic, stimulating and challenging environment for each child to reach their potential and their own natural learning pace. Nothing is forced or a child does not have to be able to do a certain thing, they learn at their own pace. Saying that the adult is there to observe and ensure the child is meeting or reaching their developmental milestones. If a delay is set the adult will observe further and suggest but not the child to do different activities to suit their learning needs.HighScope on the other hand give children the opportunity to learn symbols or letters as everything is labelled, children begin to recognise letters or markings and understand these symbols are the name of the materials or items. As the HighScope method gives more opportunities for children to learn with natural or realistic materials such as within the home area real kettles or pots and utensils are provided for learning. This offers the children the learning opportunity of life skills. Which I feel is beneficial for children especially this day and age as many parents are always working children need to learn skills such as gushing(a) themselves a drink.This can be used at home as well children can use mathematic skills in the shopping centre with parents or at home packing the shopping away or the lavation counting stockings or pegs. HighScope also recommends parental involvement and although Aistear does require observations HighScope is stricter on observations and record keeping as daily observations are required in some cases. I do however feel both curriculums offer lots of different learning aspects, goals and opportunities. Both together can work extremely well and cover the childs holistic environment and also support them in other factors of their environmen t such as culture and social also family and community.In my opinion either Aistear or HighScope would benefit a childs holistic development if used properly, correctly and to its full potential. Using them combined would in my opinion offer more learning opportunities for each child and offer a lot more freedom and exploration learning opportunities for the children. As Aistear will support HighScope in the areas of the childrens overall well-being. HighScope will support Aistear offering the children with more choice and independence which will also support the childs thinking and exploring and their identity and belonging, alongside their holistic development by doing activities and exploration.As both curriculums link to each other and are similar in many ways most of the learning goals are the same Aistear does however encourage lots more involvement from parents. HighScope offers lots of opportunities for independence, growth for confidence, vanity and decision making. Using the KDIs as guidelines for learning opportunities as Aistear uses its four themes, aims and learning goals or outcomes. Both sets of KDIs are arranged to correspond to the National Goals for Education in the USA. They equally relate to Aistear, the early childhood curriculum framework in Ireland. The High Scope Approach to Early Learning. Geraldine French. (2012) (arrow.DIT.ie)References and BibliographyNational Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA). (2009). Principles and Themes. NCCAEpstein, Ann S. (2007). Essentials of alert Learning in Preschool acquiring to know the HighScope Curriculum. HighScope Press Michigan, USA.National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA). (2009). Principles and Themes. NCCAEpstein, Ann S. (2007). Essentials of Active Learning in Preschool Getting to know the HighScope Curriculum. HighScope Press Michigan, USA.Aistear the Early Childhood Curriculum Framework cited onhttp//www.ncca.ie/en/Curriculum_and_Assessment/Early_Childhood_and_Prim ary_Education/Early_Childhood_Education/Aistear_Toolkit/Activity_Exploring_Aistears_learning_goals_.pdf Accessed online 7th of June 2014High Scope A Constructivist Approach Excerpt from Early Childhood Education Today, by G.S. Morrison, 2009 edition, p. 149-155. Cited onhttp//www.education.com/reference/article/high-scope-constructivist-approach/Accessed online 7th of June 2014Melanie Klein project (2014) Play Therapy Online, available athttps//sites.google.com/site/melaniekleinproject/work/play-therapy accessed online 17th January 2014Early learning HQ (2014) Inspirational course credit Poster Online, available athttp//www.earlylearninghq.org.uk/latest-resources/inspirational-quotation-poster-margaret-mcmillan/ accessed 17th January 2014About psychology (2014) Jean Piaget Quotes Online, available at http//psychology.about.com/od/early-child-development/a/jean-piaget-quotes.htm accessed 20th January 2014The High Scope Approach to Early LearningGeraldine French (2012)http//arrow.d it.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010context=aaschsslbk Accessed online 7th of June 2014Marie GreyPage 1