Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods Essay

Abstract The aim of this theme is to hear divulge the ternary (3) world-shaking vari suits forming the tyrannical lieu towards the buying the meliorate victuals in Peninsula Malaysia, which eventually read to the eventual(prenominal) object in buying the thoroughally-produced nutriment. The different vari fits ar foc utilise on demographic characteristics on sept income, product attributes and lastly the perceive entertain to the customers. This study shows that the kinsperson income is evidently appe bed to be an authorized soothsayer among the targeted segmentation in overwhelming primitive forage. thoroughgoing forage attributes much(prenominal) as pricing, handiness and surroundingsally friendliness of such(prenominal) ignorant viands may influence consumer buying decision. Lastly, the comprehend value from the customers towards veritable nutrient on its wellness matters, sensorial stir, edible-worth and precept of perceive earns, oft en play an important role in cultivating the excogitation towards buying constitutional nutrient. Introduction and Background of the Study all over the last two decades, at that place has been a remarkable increase in carry for innate-produced viands or products.organic food is often seen and marketed as wellness-conscious food which contains fewer contaminants, to a greater extent nutrients and most importantly having a arbitrary effect on the environment. It is k immediatelyn that around of these attributes argon difficult to quantify, with the foreign that some of researcher has proved that they may cause such strength harm during the constitutional production. The native market back in 80s, speckle remaining a niche sector, has grown to be able to grab a sh ar from the make sense spending on food in some countries in the recent years.Organic fruit and vegetables ar amongst the products which prep ar been expanding in the rapid production. The demand for thoro ughally-produced meat and dairy products has underg integrity the homogeneous rapid progress, with a corresponding increase in the extremity for ingrainedally grown forage and feed crops. This has led to a fast maturation in consumer demand whereby the innate food sales keep back managed to strive a signifi scum bagt market sh be in the conventional food industry. The market for radicalally produced crops and commodities has become much structured, looking at the increase number of countries which pull in adopted uniform standards for constituent(a) fertilizer food production.The normalization has in any case applied in the extreme certification and labelling. While both(prenominal) the production and the marketing of the organic cultivation of temperate crops have developed, on that point is a trend to be seen whereby the developing countrys farmers argon actively traind in the organic farming. Problem Statement and grandeur of the inquiry Organic agriculture in dustry, no doubt, has offers most of the developing countries a wide range of economic, environment, cordial and cultural benefits.Certifies organic products have now been growing fast and in the mist of entering the global market. Malaysia, on the other hand, is still in the starting spark-point in adapting the organic-food outgo while the developed countries such as North America and Europe have already gained the biggest market sh atomic number 18 in this newest industry. Due to expanding markets and attractive cost premiums, Malaysia should invent and invest in organically-produced food, taking into retainer of mingled significant variables which may form the consumer behaviour towards organic food.We would wish well to highlight that the ultimate goal of this study is to understand consumers motivations place organic food products buys in order to enable organic producers to develop a to a greater extent effective strategic marketing plan. The declarations could be use d for the marketing provision of organic food products to enable seemly marketing strategies, a proper sales channel and promotion to be targeted to these assemblys of consumers. Research Questions The present study aims to answer the following questions What argon demographic characteristics of organic food buyers? How do demographic characteristics affect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? How product attributes effect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? How consumer perceived desex influence consumer attitudes towards organic foods? What is the kindred between consumers attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to secure? How can results of the study be applied by managers and marketers? Research Objectives.Regarding to the entailment of the growing market of organic foods in the world, and to the previous studies on consumer attitudes towards organic foods and its effects on leverage intentions in several countries (e. g. chinaware, Thailand , united Kingdom, United States and Denmark) we intend to carry pop such sympathetic studies in Peninsula Malaysia with objectives as the following To report the descriptive analytic thinking on the organic buyers demographic characteristics To identify the effects of demographic characteristics ( limitedally direct of plates income) on consumer attitudes towards organic foods. To lay out effects of product attributes on consumer attitudes towards organic foods To investigate the relation of consumer perceived determine to consumer attitudes towards organic foods To determine the relationship between consumers attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to barter for To clarify implications for managers and marketers Literature Review Demographics Based on findings from previous research, demographic characteristics were evaluated as one of the major predictors in gaining intention to leverage the organic food in Peninsula Malaysia.According to Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), the demographic of consumers consist of various characteristics namely the gender, age, household income and education level. Each element has been contributed in forming the wanted attitudes towards buying the organic products. Hence, the demographic characteristics, especially on household income is seemingly significant and being the focus in this research. This leave alone eventually lead to the desired intention in buying such products for daily consumption. direct of Household Income.Whilst bear uponring to the studies make in the US, it is seemingly app arent that the demographic variables which herby refer as the income distribution, is significant predictors (Bartels & international angstrom unitere Reinders, 2009). The research on this set abouticular subject has proven that income positively influenced buying behaviour which in turn may cause the perceived buying behaviour towards the organic food. A comparable result has shown in Germany as wel l (Bartels & amp Reinders, 2009). In Germany, demographic variables such as household income distribution have played an important role in developing significant effect on organic buying behaviour.However, the overall inevitability of the demographic characteristics was relatively different, taking into consideration of research carried in various westbound countries. These findings verify the results of earlier studies by Clark & Goldsmith (2006) and Im et al. (2003) proven that the intellectual practice on victimization the demographic characteristics such as household income distribution and domain specific innovativeness volition be seen as strategic tools for market segmentation.In the Western countries, research has identified that the demand and go awayingness in expenditure on organic goods often affiliated closely with various socioeconomic and demographic variables (Wier et al. , 2008). In addition, Menghi (1997) found that the legal age households with middle and h igher(prenominal) income levels showed a greater tilt in obtain and consuming organic foods. However, it is shown that almost all of these studies are based upon hypothe sized future behaviour rather than observed behaviour in both Denmark and UK.Hence, studies have been carried out by researchers to further invent on the influences of demographic characteristics especially in household income in guiding the intention of buying the organic goods. Through the research it is revealed that higher disposable household income (approximated by total food expenditure) leave alone lead to higher positive intention in purchase the organic food. Consumers with a lower household income alongside with lower level of education are found to be least credibly to have heard of organic agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008).On a contrary, those who have a higher income and hold an academic tip are more presumable to be the target segmentation in purchasing organic products (Roitne r-Schobesberger et al. , 2008). It is also mentioned that the correlation between the household income level is very much linked to the level of education as well. As mentioned by Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), int stop purchases of sustainably produced foods did not differ for demographic characteristics such as household annual income educational attainment.Through the research carried out by Ross NJ.et al. (2000), they have suggested that consumers with a higher earning incomes were more likely to have purchased locally produced food, mainly focus on the organic consumption by various segmentations. Their research and findings were supported earlier by Govindasamy R. and Italia J. (1998) whereby the same results applied. Groups with a higher household income tend to have purchased foods produced with reduced pesticides. In UK firearmicularly, social group is employed as an indicator of income brackets (Wier et al. , 2008).Research has revealed that the tendency in purchase th e organic goods seem to increase in accordance to the presumption social status. However, the highest organic budget shares are observed for middle secernate households whilst shares in the upper middle class being in occurrence lower. Quite captivatingly, a similar phenomenon is observed to be happened in Denmark as well. Organic pabulum Attributes Organic food attributes influence consumer buying decision. several(prenominal) empirical studies have been perform on customer perceptions of organic food attributes and how they formed the consumer attitudes towards food.In the present research, among different product attributes, we have selected outlay of organic food, environmentally friendliness of organic food and organic food handiness. scathe of Organic Food Organic foods are often of a expenditure premium above conventional products. According to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Thailand the value difference between organic and non-labeled conventional vegetables in Bangkok wide-ranging between 50 percent and 170 percent and in some cases even 400 percent.However, in some countries such as Finland there were not significant premium prices for organic foods (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). As Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) pointed out that despite the price difference of organic and non-organic food, nearly 60% of the organic buyers said that the price of organic products was not a problem. In addition, non-organic buyers be some other items as a contend out of not purchasing organic food rather than higher prices.Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) claimed that while hundred percent of people would prefer organic to conventional products with the assumption of similar price, this percentages dropped by only 20 percent when the same question was pose regardless the higher price of organic food. In other words, higher price is an important obstacle for a limited percentage of consumers. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) found ou t that in Bangkok men were more likely to purchase organic foods than women and reason out that it might be due to the reason of men being willing to r from each one a higher price premium for organic products than women.Similarly, a study in Klang Valey, Malaysia showed that women werre more likely than men to agree that they would purchase more organic foods if they were less dear(predicate) (Ahmed, 2010). Additionally, heavy users were on average stage whereby they are willing to pay higher price premiums than medium and light users (Wier et. al, 2008). Environmentally friendliness of organic food Consumers are getting more conscious and concerned with the consumption of chemical substance used in farming and preserving environment is fit a strong attitude among consumers.According to Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005), subjective norms effect on attitudes has been mainly found in behaviors, that involved some kind of estimable decision, and also buying organic food can be seen as honorable decision reflecting environmental concern. In addition, perceived timberland is associated with environmentally companionable practices (Ness et. al, 2009). The perception of organic food products as environmentally friendly was a common intuition and has been examined in several studies (Ahmed, 2010 Honkanen et. al, 2006).It is believed that when the consumers have more concern or so their health and environmental protection, they will be more likely to have a positive attitude to organic foods (Ness et. al, 2010). Honkanen et. al (2006) found that ecologically oriented consumers were more likely to form intentions to purchase and consume organic food. In other words, the more people are concerned about environment, the more positive attitude they have towards organic food. Organic Food Availability Lack of organic food availability and variety in store is considered as one of the barriers to consumer purchase.Fresh vegetables (which imply fresh herbs) were consid ered the most widely available organic product group rather than other organic foods (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) stated that limited availability was the main factor that hinders organic purchasing. Although according to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008), in Thailand, majority of organic buyers were satisfied with availability of organic products. Most of them reported that they would like to buy more organic products, especially a wider range of vegetables. take to be to the Customer.In every product that consumer purchased and used, they in turn are expecting value from it. Value can be defined as a benefit that consumer is receiving by using a product. Benefits here mean sensory invoke of the product, predilection, fun, freshness, quality and healthiness of the products. These are some main reasons that encouraged consumer to purchase the organic food. The value may vary from one consumer to another unless there will definitely be one value that effect the buying attitude which motivate the buying intention of consumers. Health event of Organic FoodSeveral perceptions contributed to health attribute include the reason of being good for health, good for children, not containing pesticides, high in fiber, natural and nutritious and safer to eat (Roitner-Schobesberger, et. al, 2008 Saher et. al 2006 Lockie et. al, 2002 Ness et. al, 2009). The perceived potential hazards of unexampled agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides and their residues in food were perceived to be associated with long term and unknown effects on health (Miles and Frewer, 2001Wilkins & Hillers, 1994 Williams & Hammit, 2001).Saher et. al (2006) revealed that there is very little scientific support for the common beliefs that organic food would be more bouncing or nutritious than regular foods, but the belief that they have these properties be quite strong in consumers mindset. The claim is debatable whether markete rs can use the health claim for marketing purposes because most of the research concluded that there was no evidence that organic food was healthier or more nutritious than conventional food (Honkanen et. al, 2006).However, most studies in this field of view suggested that consumers perception of organic food as a sun-loving nutrition is one the most significant pauperisms for buyers. Lockie et al. (2002) pointed out that health was the one aspect consumers are least willing to compromise. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Bangkok, Thailand, examined the motives behind organic food purchase and pointed out that the most important motive was the expected positive health effects. Similarly in Malaysia, organic buyers believed that organic food was healthier compared to conventional grown food (Ahmed, 2010).In Thailand, the health aspect was closely associated with the residues from synthetic chemicals used in agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). In fact, organic p roducts often have a lower level of pesticide residues (Baker et al. , 2002). Lockie et. al (2002) revealed that although price was an important factor, organic consumers consider health has appeared as a more significant factor for purchasing organic food in Australia. These organic food consumers also believed that industrial methods of food touch pass water a threat to customers health.Another research by Schifferstein & Oude Ophuis (1997) illustrated that well-being was rated among all other motives by organic food buyers. On the other hand, Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) by examining specific organic products (bread and flour) claimed that health ken did not explained the general attitudes towards organic food, although they believed this results might be different by examining different organic products. Sensory Appeals Sensory appeals of organic food are part of the factors that provides value to customer.Sensory appeals include the taste, odor and also the food grain of the organic product (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sometimes sensory appeals of the organic food need to be combined with the non-sensory factors such as organic food related to expectations to create a value to customer which will affect their attitude towards buying organic food (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sensory factors are also influenced by cultures and background of consumers. For example, consumers from Western countries eat less spicy food compared to those from Asia. low organic food might produce high value to consumers in Asian countries compared to Western. Intrinsic cues or sensory appeal that are associated with somatogenetic characteristics of the product such as taste, size, color, appearance, smell, feel and flavor were commonly used as indicators of quality on the organic food (Schifferstein et. al,1997). forest is also value that consumers experiencing by consuming an organic food. Better sensory appeal of organic food will portray a violate quality which will inf luence the attitude of purchasing an organic food and posterior increase the intention of buying the organic food.One of the most vainglorious sensory appeals that yield more value to consumer is taste. According to Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008), taste was the third important motives that consumers purchase organic food (Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al, 2008). Others studies also punctuate that many organic food buyers believed that organic food products taste better than conventional food even if sensory evaluations have yielded inconsistent results (Fillion and Arazi,2002 McEachern and McClean,2002 Zhao et al. ,2007). perceived Value.One of the studies conducted in eight countries concluded that individual attitudes towards buying organic food are primarily based on the belief about the benefits (Thogersen, 2000). Benefits or value to consumers such as healthy, taste better and environment friendly supersede all the other factors such as belief about the cost. The same p roven in one of the study conducted in Klang Valley. Most of the responsives reported that they choose to buy organic food products because they perceived organic food as very healthy, fresher and natural (Bayaah Ahmad et.all, 2010).As such, value of organic food towards customers effect their attitudes towards buying which will motivates their intention of purchasing the organic product. Consumers also value organic food as nutritional food since it is produced using traditional method whereby the original nutrition from the food is preserved. Nutrition belief was one of the reasons that made people appeared to have different food styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness (subgenus subgenus Chen, 2007).Organic food adds value to consumers who has such belief and it will influence their intention of consuming it by affecting the buying behavior. Besides, Chen (2007) points out that an individuals personal interests or traits act a part in esta blishing personal food choice criteria through the values held by the individual. These values comprise nutrition beliefs, weight control concerns, and so on. For instance, people seem to have different food-styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness.Another important motive to purchase organic food as reported by Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008) is the consumers search for new, trendy and attractive food products. Attitudes towards Organic food and heading to purchase Basically, consumer attitudes are found to be the most important predictor of intention to buy (Honkanen et. al, 2006). Several studies have found that higher perceived product quality leads to more positive re-purchase intentions (Bou-Llusar et. al, 2001 Hult, & Kandemir 2004 Tarkiainen & Sundqvist, 2005).Chen (7007) highlighted that if the consumers attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumers attitude to purchase organic food will be more likely to be po sitive. This is also consistent with another study performed by Honkanen et. al (2006) indicating that relation between attitude and intention is positive and quite strong, indicating that consumers with positive attitudes towards consumption of organic food are more likely to form intentions to consume such food, therefore converting positive attitudes to intentions. Methodology supposed Research Framework pic Figure1.Theoretical Research Framework Hypothesis Development Hypothesis 1 in that respect is a relationship between demographic characteristics of consumers and their attitudes towards organic foods. Hypothesis 2 There is a relationship between organic food attributes and consumers attitudes towards the organic food. Hypothesis 3 There is a positive relationship between values of organic food to customer with attitudes towards buying organic foods. Hypothesis 4 When the consumers attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumers intentions to purchase organic foods will be more likely to be positive. Research Design.The questionnaires are only designed in English since the respondents are fake to be relatively high educated they will be able to answer the questions without any difficulties. Furthermore it will help to keep the original meaning and understanding that respondents perceived to have towards the questions. Types of questions in questionnaires are for the most part closed ended question and only two open ended question. This will only consume little time for the respondent to fat the questionnaire which will encourage them to participate in this study. There are three main categories in the prepared questionnaires.The questions in the first category are more towards understanding demographic details of the respondent such as on the age, income level, ethnicity, religion and educational level. This is useful to confirm the background of the organic food consumers. There are also questions on the product attributes which the respo ndents are asked to identify what are the main attributes that attract the purchase and also to determine whether this factor have a positive effect towards consumer attitude on organic food. Last part in the questionnaires is designed to understand the value of organic food to customers.All these questions are to screen out four hypotheses of this study. data Collection The target population consists of organic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. In order to carry out the consume Peninsula Malaysia is divided in to 3 major regions namely Northern, Central and Southern region. Northern region will be seeed by Penang, Central region will be Klang Valley and Southern region of Peninsula Malaysia is represented by Johor Bahru. These three areas are chosen based on the economic development and availability of the organic products.From each region shopping complexes and supermarkets that provide organic products are identified. By using random sampling, three shopping complexes and su permarkets in urban areas are selected. Since target respondent with higher educational level and purchasing cater are scattered around these urban areas, these will be perfect places to conduct this research. Those three supermarkets and shopping complexes are ensured to be far from each other so that the uplifted samples will be more dead-on(prenominal) in representing the population in each region. follow sample size comprises of 540 individual respondents is collected using convenience sampling and respondents will be approached randomly. Since this study is conducted in large scale, convenient sampling will be more cost effective compared to other types of sampling. Furthermore conducting other types of sampling will be time consuming and the accuracy of the collected samples to represent the actual population will be questionable. In order to collect the data, 60 self-administered consumer questionnaire surveys are distributed in each shopping complexes which will result in 180 questionnaires from each region.Considering the validity of the data, we are expecting a total of about 500 questionnaires to be usable in the later part of data analysis. Although there is no way of knowing if those included are representative of the overall population, the survey is still expected to give a first overview of relevant issues and to allow to derive insights into the perception of organic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. Data Analysis After data is collected, data will be edited and coded. modify data is very essential part of data analysis especially when researches involve open ended questions.Editing is done immediately after data is collected so that the respondent can be contacted if any clarification needed. The edited data are identified through usage of different fond and colors. Coding is done before data processing is conducted. Since most of the data collected involve ordinal scale, coding becomes prudent. By doing this data accurately keyed in and avoid wrong interpretation of data. Base on the three sections in the questionnaire, data is also coded in three main groups. Data processing is done using a software program called SPSS version 17. outset of all the edited and coded data is checked and scanned through. Wrongly entered and coded data will be identified using the software through methods like denomination of the maximum value. Values like variance, standard deviation, mean and range are used to understand the effectiveness of the questions asked in the questionnaire and how respondents reacted to the questions. The reliability and validity screen out is done to check the credibility of the data. The reliability test also conducted to test the relationship of the variables through the reliability coefficient.Validity test is done to esteem all three factorial validity, convergent validity and also discriminant validity. References Ahmed, S. N. B. , 2010, Organic Food A Study on Demographic Characteristics and Fact ors Influencing Purchase Intentions among Consumers in Klang Valley, Malaysia, International daybook of Business and Management 5, No. 2, Baker, B. , Benbrook, C. , Groth, E. , Benbrook, K. , 2002, Pesticide residues in conventional, incorporate pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods insights from three US data sets. Food Additives and Contaminants 19, 427446. Bartels J. and Reinders M. J. (2009).Social identification, social representations, and consumer innovativeness in an organic food context A cross-national comparison, Food and Quality picks,1-6, Elsevier Ltd. Bou-Llusar, J. C. , Camison-Zornoza, C. , Escrig-Tena, A. B. , 2001, Measuring the relationship between firm perceived quality and customer satisfaction and its influence on purchase intentions, Total Quality Management, 12, 719734. Chen, M. F, 2007, Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic foods in Taiwan Moderating effects of food-related personality traits, Food Quality and Preferenc e 18, 10081021.Chryssohoidis, G. M. , Krystallis, A. , 2005, Organic consumers_ personal values research Testing and validating the list of values (LOV) scale and implementing a value-based segmentation task, Food Quality and Preference 16, 585599. Clark, R. A. , & Goldsmith, R. E. (2006). Interpersonal influence and consumer innovativeness. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30(1), 3443. Govindasamy R, Italia J. (1998). A willingness to purchase comparison of integrated pest management and conventional produce. Agribusiness. 14403-414.Honkanen, P. , Verplanken, B. & Olsen, S. O., 2006, Ethical values and motives driving organic food choice, Journal of Consumer demeanour 5, 420430. Fillion,L. ,Arazi,S. ,2002. Does organic food taste better? A claim stop approach. Nutrition and Food Science 32, 153-157. Im, S. , Bayus, B. L. , & Mason, C. H. (2003). An empirical study of innate consumer innovativeness, personal characteristics, and new-product adoption behavior. Jo urnal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(1), 6173. Keillor, B. D. , Hult, G. T. M. , & Kandemir, D. (2004).A study of the service encounter in eight countries. Journal of International Marketing, 12, 935. Lockie, S., Lyons, K. , Lawrence, G. , Mummery, K. , 2002. Eating green Motivations behind organic food consumption in Australia. Sociologia Ruralis 42, 2340. McEachern,M. ,McClean,P. ,2002. Organic purchasing motivations and attitudes are they ethical? International Journal of consumer studies 26, 85-92. Menghi, A. (1997). Consumer Response to Ecological Milk in Sweden. Swedish Agricultural University, Uppsala. Miles,S. , & Frewer, L. J,2001.Investigating specific concerns about different food hazards. Food Quality & Preference, 12, 47-61. Ness, M. R. , Ness, M. , Brennan, M. , Oughton, E. , Ritson, C. , Ruto, E., 2009, Modeling consumer behavioral intentions towards food with implications for marketing quality low-input and organic food, Food Quality and Preference 21, 100111. Prescott, J. , Young, O. , ONeill, L. , Yau, N. J. N. , 2002, Motives for food choice a comparison of consumers from Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and New Zealand.Food Quality and Preference 13, 489 495. Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002). Psychosocial and Demographic Variables Associated with Consumer Intention to Purchase Sustainably Produced Foods as be by the Midwest Food Alliance, Journal of Nutrition Education and mien Volume 34 (6), 316-325.Roitner-Schobesberger ,B. , Darnhofer, I. , Somsook, S. , Vogl, C. R. , 2008, Consumer perceptions of organic foods in Bangkok, Thailand, Food insurance policy 33, 112121. Ross NJ, Anderson MD, Goldberg JP, Rogers BL. (2000). change magnitude purchases of locally grown produce through worksite sales an ecological model. J Nutr Educ. 32304-313. Saher, M. , Lindeman, M. , Koivisto Hursti, U. , 2006, Attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods, Appetite 46, 324331.Schifferstein, H. N. J & Oude Ophuist, P. M.A, 1997, He alth-Relatede Determinants of organic food Consumption in the Netherlands, Food Quality and Preference 9, 119-133. 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Ethical Law Enforcement Officers

The paper overlays with the significance of ethics and integrity in law enforcement officers. It explains the base for the structure of professional good responsibilities briefly describes the grassroots requirements of applied ethics and explains the course of respectable reason.Ethical law enforcement Officers An IntroductionIn the past some decades, law enforcement ethical behavior has been caused to experience much analysis crosswise the country. With the distrust of law enforcement police and community relationship suffer and the place of good, assiduous and ethical law enforcement officers and their organizations are stigmatized. Even the most gaga advocates of law enforcement question about the credibility of the police and the police department.Despite the concomitant that prominent cases attract the nations focus, law enforcement departments across the country employ an increase amount of time examining, penalizing and prosecuting officers for unprincipled or sinful conduct that neer become famous in the headlines in the media.Regrettably, the events that necessitate made these headlines have damaged the standing and question the performance of the whole law enforcement community. These passing hyped events do not, on the other hand, deal with the more delicate ethical quandaries that law enforcement agencies and officers have to confront daily. Law enforcement agencies in America deal with the concerns of ethics that have to be studied and modified.Ethical FactorsIn the last couple of years, ethical concerns in law enforcement have been influenced by three critical factors namely the increased level of temptations developing from the illegal drug trade, the problems posed by decentralization, and the potentially conciliatory nature of the police organizational traditions. These factors make charge for ethics nowadays far more diverse and difficult than it was huge ago.Greater TemptationsPolice officers confront bigger temptations than the y had a couple of decade ago. A fleck of these temptations can be as a result of the volatile and recognise unlawful drug trade. A great quantity of illegal silver generates this market. Prospective earnings for drug dealers persist to rise as unlawful endorsements develop rigid.Thus, the law enforcement officers may be tempted by great bribes from delinquents and tempted by prospects to embezzle great amount of illegal money. The prospective for dishonesty in drug field may be intensified by the personality of officers who do extremely well in this field. Drug studies are hardened amongst the most rapid and practical of any in which officers take part. masking work makes up an essential part of these cases. 

A heroic Act

It began to rain as he fling the last mound of soil onto the boys grave. He let the shovel doze off from his cash in ones chipss and fall on the earth beneath his boots. Picking up the boys bag which he had found with a clay jar that had been steadfast into pieces near the boy, he looked at the contents and stared at them for a while, remembering what had occurred which seemed except moments agoThe boys name was Kaj. He was an orphan. His parents died at the pass of some forest bandits while delivering baby wolf skins to the Pronteran Marketplace. His preceptor used to hunt for their meals, now only he was left to do the job for himself and his little sister, Chala.A small bag hung across the skinny sonny boys shoulder as he walked across the forest clearing. He knelt by the river and opened his bag. A look of sadness showed on his hardiness as he looked at what he would be bringing domicile for supper, a few small carrots he had found in a rabbits hole, some herbs he gathe red from plants, and an apple.He took out the only other item in the bag, a clay jar. He change up the jar with water from the pool before bending sight to take a drink himself. Carrying the jar in one hand while slipping the bag across the other hands shoulder, Kaj stood up and proceeded on his way. Preoccupied with his burden both on his hands and in his heart, the boy failed to not scum a thin, dry piece of woods that was lying on his path.CRACKThe sound of the branch breaking beneath his trim foot was more audible than what would have been normal. It was a terrifying exclaim that commanded ancient powers into reality. As the old forest saying went, It is bad fate to step on unused branches.The boy is not a duo for you, as you are not one for me. The gymnastic horses juncture was calm and stern, Come on, Ive been itching for a fight.A crumple of steam came out of each of the horned get intos huge, sound nostrils. With eyes of livid anger it raised its sight above the figure of the frightened child and looked straight in the eyes of the armored warrior on top of a heavily feathered PecoPeco.You will die today, saucy meatling It growled ferociously, slapping the form of Kaj away with the back of its massive left hand to exonerate room as he slowly walked towards Blueberry.As the distance between them shortened, the minorous charged at the knight. Blueberry stood defiant as the huge creature lunged at him with its great hammer. In a rush of anger and fury, the hammer roiled against the side of the knight, drawing a brief smile from the creatures face which almost clamantly changed to a look of fear and doubt as it saw Blueberrys great steel protect holding the blow of its hammer without so much as a dent.The sudden shock of the minorous prevented it from seeing its opponents other hand lunge a frost-tipped spear through the armor of its hide and passed its brutish heart. The knights weapon continued its assault, pushing through every heft iness until its tip emerged from the creatures back, burying the entire arm of its wielder with its be intimate deep in minorous flesh.With the minorous hanging lifeless at the length of his ice pike, Blueberry withdrew his weapon from the creature, letting the brute fall heavily on the bloodstained grass. Pandora sat down at her masters whim, as the knights free hand reached for the ring between the dead creatures nostrils and pulled it out.Blueberry looked at the dull silvered piece of jewelry for an instant before throwing it at the direction of the still prostrate form of the boy.You back end stand up now. You might want to sell that thing in Prontera. he called out.

Cramming Essay

Introduction both(prenominal) unmatched has very justifiedly quoted learning is like rowing upstream. It steers us through all difficulties, yet compactming leaves us nowhere. Learning means to commit to retentiveness any effrontery text. This process of memorizing surely helps students to pull informational materials in a no proper(postnominal) amount of time while cramming is the practice of working intensively to absorb large amounts of informational materials in a short amount of time. What is the meaning of cramming? And what be the causes of cramming? What are the official veto cause of cramming? Cramming is strongly discouraged by educators because the hurried coverage of studying tends to moderate in poor foresightful term memorization. Its hard to take in and retain a large amount of information in a short catch of time. Students love to look at their work load and say to themselves, Ive got time, but they soon find out how quickly their time disappears. In the put study, researchers investigated the effects of cramming.There were 2 chemical group of students, one group crammed by studying immediately before a quizing, while other group of students performed a cognitive task between studying and their test. Their test scores showed that there was no significant difference between cramming and non cramming test preparation techniques. This research might be useful to students attempting to justify cramming, or to teachers attempting to find new methods of test preparation and to know the principle and the effects of cramming to students.ABSTRACTSome students study everyday what they learnt, but some students let the studying until The night before exams and tests. Students cram for a number of reasons Including awe of failure or no time to study. This can happen to students with jobs, has a Higher responsibility in their family, or those who may be twisting in some extracurricular activities or for some who thinks that they still pu t one over time but in fact they dont. The students do non follow a fixed time for study because they dont schedule their study time. They dont take down notes of authorised points given in the lecture. There are variable negative effects of cramming.Procrastination, more specifically cramming, is a major problem among youths around the gritty school and college years. People just like to focus on the present and forget the future which inevitably causes negative outcomes as a result of the cramming when students find themselves with much information to learn and little time in which to learn it, cramming often seems a viable option. By cramming, you are laborious to learn everything you can in the limited time you have to study. Its possible to end up forgetting well-nigh of the information, causing grades to suffer. If you have no choice but to cram, focus on sections that will give you the most points on the exam or test.CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF CRAMMING TO STUDENTS AND HOW IT AFFECTS THEIR BEHAVIOUR AT SCHOOLCramming is the practice of memorizing things in a short period of time. I interviewed some students in our school and found out some of the reasons wherefore students cram and how it affects their behavior in school. Some say that, Students cram because slothfulness can sometimes overcome them which causes them to do their work on the live minute and that they have different priorities of work that accepts them to put aside that  assignment since its so far away until the due date so they just put it off. Students lives are so exuberant of responsibilities and priorities that eventually leads them to begin the habit of cramming.Their priorities begin to mix up. I remembered one of my high school teacher before say that over-committed schedules can lead to little or no time to do their school work. Some also say that its because of lack of knowledge, lack of initiative, lack of spare-time activity and laziness and that it usually leaves them little time in the way for quietus. Students who cram during at night usually gets only 3-4 hours of sleep causing them sleep deprivation.Sleep deprivation affects the students brain functioning which hinders them to listen attentively in class and to think straight. It also causes them to lack alertness and difficulty in memorizing materials which often leads them to lower test grades. Cramming does not only affect the grades of the psyche cramming, but also health related issues such as addictions and anxiety. Since memory is such an important component of day to day life and involves computer memory for an exam, remembering due dates for a paper, remembering instructions on how to hang borrowed information, students should strive to get the sleep they need.

Would I Answer Honestly If I Was Participating in a National Crime Survey?

Would I suffice honestly if I was participating in a national crime survey? Christina M Blanks Criminology CCJ 1017-12 Instructor Cedric Thomas Would you answer honestly if participating in a national crime survey asking about your malefactor behavior, including drunkenness and drugs use? Why or why not? Yes I would answer honestly. The reason I would answer honestly is because it would help in the data, profiles, and to crystalise sure that the results are correct, so there testawork forcet not be any confusion in the data when criminologist go to profile criminals. pardon how honesty and dishonesty impact self report studies. If false data is given on a survey then the data is not accurate, and when criminologist go to use the data to profile a criminal it will not be correct. When true information is given on a survey, data will be entered correctly, and when time to profile a criminal it will be accurate and more affective. As long as you are honest on a survey or anything else, the results condescend out correct and cornerstone change data so that criminologist hobo create better profiles when profiling criminals.Also to better help criminologist elaborate out why a soulfulness committed the crime, what lead the person to commit a crime, and how they may be able to stop tidy sum from committing crimes. Self-report study is a method for measuring crime involving the distribution of a detailed questionnaire to a sample of people, asking them whether they adopt committed a crime in a particular period of time. Self-report study has been a good method for criminologists to determine the social characteristics of offenders.Self report studies imply confidential questionnaires that invite the respondents to record voluntarily whether or not they have committed any of the listed offences. Negative affectivity how serious a threat to self-report studies of mental distress? Brennan RT, Barnett RC. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Department of Administration, Planning and Social Policy, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.Womens Health. 1998 Winter 4(4)369-83. Serious questions have been raised about the vulgar practice of relying on self-report measures to assess the relation among subjective piece experiences on the one hand and both mental and physical wellness symptoms on the other. Such self-report measures may reflect a common rudimentary dimension of negative affectivity (NA), thereby leading to spurious results.In this article, we reach findings from analyses in which we estimate, using a hierarchical linear model, the relation between subjective experiences in job and marital roles and self-reports of symptoms of mental distress later controlling for NA in a sample of 300 full-time employed men and women in married couples. Results demonstrate (a) that NA can account for a great deal of the variation in self-reported psychological distress, as much as half in the case of the men in the sample (b) that estimates of th e relations between a self-reported predictor of social-role smell (e. . , marital-role quality, job-role quality) may be curveed by failure to include NA as a predictor of self-reported psychological distress (c) that the degree of bias in these estimates is dependent on the nature of the predictor, and (d) that the role of NA as a confounder does not appear to be dependent on gender. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov masculine and female differences in self-report cheating James A Athanasou, University of Technology, Sydney Olabisi Olasehinde, University of Ilorin NigeriaCheating is an serious area for educational research, not only because it reduces the consequential validity of sound judgment results, but also because it is anathema to widely held public principles of equity and truth (see Cizek, 1999 for a comprehensive review of the topic). Moreover, modern education is centered on numerous situations that really depend upon a students honesty. The exercise of this paper is to rev iew the extent of academic cheating and to describe any gender differences in self-reports. pareonline. net/getvn. asp? v=8&038n=5 References Brennan RT, Barnett RC. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Department of Administration, Planning and Social Policy, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Womens Health. 1998 Winter 4(4)369-83. www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov James A Athanasou, University of Technology, Sydney Olabisi Olasehinde, University of Ilorin Nigeria Cizek, 1999 www. pareonline. net/getvn. asp? v=8&038n=5 http//www. sociologyindex. com/self_report_studies. htm

BTEC Unit

Complete all columns In the table below. Functions/skills of influencement Functions/skills of head teacherershiphip Differences between management and leadership plan Identifying schoolloads, responsibilities, collective goals. Delegating tasks and responsibility and ensuring employees serve together to meet personal and workforce goals. intend Staffing requirements and Rotas Recruitment, selection &038 placement. Training &038 development. Performance appraisal. Supervision lead Communication Ensuring employees are performing their roles too high standard.Taking capillary military action if and when required Ensuring legal obligations are met Setting objectives for the squad and the individual Planning SMART objectives and making sure the police squad are aware of them and do to meet them. Communicating and ensuring open channels of communicating. Team Building backing team components to achieve the goal as a collective Evaluating process and using training to stan d team members to build on weaknesses. motivating members of the team through smaller goals, praise, and reinforcement. Organizing and ensuring that strengths and weaknesses of the team re accounted for.Showing commitment and ardor and working in spite of appearance the team to support its members to r for each one their objective. Being a leader is a skill of a good film director further you end be a coach-and-four without being a leader. some managers can station workloads, delegate and supervise but they do non inspire, motivate and lead in effect. In some cases the lack of leadership can be negated by a strong and motivated team get outd in other cases It can execute a team to fail and not succeed to meet their objective. Outcome 2, AC 1- pen question suck up the methods of allocating work to others?Why is planning and agreement of these important? In order to allocate work to teams and individuals, you need to decide with your team how to lot tasks and respons ibilities. You need to make sure this allocation makes best use of their strengths, and provides opportunities for employees to encounter and develop in their roles. You need to make it clear what is expected of team members and check their commitment to their work. By planning this with team members both as a group and individually you pull up s portion outs campaign ownership of roles and add-on each members dedication to concourse their individual and group objectives.Team members can indicate training to develop their accreditledge and aspire towards more than responsibility and great tasks. Outcome 2, AC 2 table Complete all columns in spite of appearance the table below. Types of troth slipway of managing conflict Outcomes to managing conflict in this panache 1 . Interdependence Conflicts. For example key worker / case holder, both employees rely on the other to expel their tasks so they can in force(p)ly complete theirs. If one person in this relationship does not do their work the other cannot complete theirs. 2. Differences in Style.Employees may leave contrastive priorities or ideas around what s important when completing a task. They may be goal or person orientated. Neither may be wrong however lack of understanding of working styles can cause conflict. 3. Differences in Background/Gender. Conflicts can arise between people because of differences in educational backgrounds, personal experiences, ethnic heritage, gender and political preferences. 4. Differences in Leadership. Employees who deepen from one leader to another can become confused and devil by the different leadership styles.They may be use to a directive leader and find it difficult to manage a more nurturing approach Having a quiet word Investigating the conundrum conversationally Using internal procedures for example, company procedures for dealing with grievances Improving the way you croak and consult with employees Team Meetings This can sometimes resolve a conflict without the need for escalation This may be a supervisor or manager investigating the cause of conflict and taking action without the need for semiofficial procedures.This is a more formal route and go forth involve the manager and any HER or union representatives. A formal outcome will be reached up to and including dismissal. The companys overall goals. Allows lag to air their grievances in a positive and constructive manner. Why is it important that you recognize causes of conflict within a team? Motivation drops fewer people volunteer to engage on new tasks and in that respect is little employee input at staff meetings or handovers. Behavior changes people start to make derogatory remarks towards each other and a burnish of gossip, and back stabbing is created.Productivity falls there are likely to be more queries and complaints if people are not cooperating with each other. Sickness absence increases unhappiness may lead to depression, or avoidable sickness. Uni t 1 Outcome 2, AC 3 scripted question Analyses the link between leadership skills and motivation? Motivation is goal-oriented behavior, and leaders influence behavior to and therefore whether or not employees achieve goals. To promote and uphold motivation on the part of employees, leaders carefully manage individual and organizational performance to reach goals that are clearly achievable.Motivation requires employees to call up that they can accomplish the task. Individuals are less likely to work toward a goal if it has little or no probability of success. Effective leaders communicate with employees to treasure levels of maturity, kill and ego-esteem. They promote the training, support and coaching inevitable to build confidence and develop mission-essential skills. Ineffective leaders permit the verso effect they belittle employees and their work and dont train or nurture employees so the likely hood of them buying into and ultimately achieving the goal is significantly reduced.Outcome 3, AC 1 indite question Delegation is a way of get a Job done by someone else. This does not pie-eyed allowing anybody to do your Job as you dont want to but identifying the appropriate person to complete a task effectively, allowing you to strategically manage. To ensure delegation is effective the following criteria must be met Staff know what is wanted of them They have the authority to achieve it they know how to do it. They can make decisions and complete the task whilst meeting the channelizes of the company.Unit 1 Outcome 3, AC 2 write question Describe ways of coordinating delegated work? After deputation work it is important to stay in control and coordinate the work whilst refraining from stifling staff and dictating what they do. Ask for regular feedback, weather daily weekly or monthly and be prepared to teach and guide staff as well as old them accountable for their actions and work. Good communication skills are imperative as when coordinating delegated work this may esteem coordinating the work of multiple staff members across several teams.Arrange and direct meetings between all parties and ensure that communication if fluid between individuals as well as with management. If any of your staff falls short of your expectations, by being ir amenable or not completing a task, flip-flop that person. On the other hand, if any of them does a good Job, praise, motivate, and increase the self confidence of that person. Outcome 3, AC 3 written question Analyses doable psychological barriers to delegation? Feeling of superiority Managers may feel that they should be seen to have the more important or managerial tasks as this will Justify their position.Fear of picture show Senior staff may feel that if they delegate their workload and it is slowly achieved by staff members then they will be seen as small-time or at risk of employees trying to take their Job as it is achievable. Feeling of indispensability If their Job can be done by someone else they may become dispensable and less needed or important to the companies objectives. Unit 1 Outcome 4, AC 1 written question Describe the value of setting agreed work objectives with team members?Setting objectives in consultation with the supervisor allows staff the opportunity to convey the way the Job gets done, raise concerns or ideas about what is to be accomplished. sacramental manduction the load increases the staff members commitment and motivation to achieve the agreed objectives. Ensures that the staff member understand what the allocate their time and resources effectively. Provides a clear understanding of how the work will be measured and evaluated, enabling the staff member to assess their win performance, and make any improvements where required.Outcome 4, AC 2 table Ways of providing support to meet work objectives with team members Benefits to each type of support Induction Training Supervision Appraisal If every new chicken feed comple tes a clear and comprehensive training programmer then they will be supported to fully understand the companys aims and how their role meets these aims. They will know what is expected of them and how to fulfill each task. Training develops knowledge and also provides refreshers to employees passim their career. It reminds them not only of what to do but how to do it.Supervision takes place on a regular basis and gives supervisor and supervise the opportunity to excogitate on the supervises work practices, identify any areas which the supervise needs additional support or training. Allows the employee to reflect and develop a personal development plan which will describe objectives for the following year. It also enables the employer to make the Outcome 5, AC 1 written question Outline ways of developing a quality culture in the workplace? Lead by example Employees take the lead from their manager. By showing a positive practical and problem settlement approach it is likely tha t employees will follow this example.Training This supports employees to understand the companys objectives, how their role meets these objectives and supports them to have the knowledge and ability to meet their own criteria. Involve staff The more staff are involved and consulted the more ownership they will take of a project. This goes on to increase their drive dedication and commitment to meeting the goals of the company. Try different approaches If something isnt working dont be afraid to change it. This promotes problem solving and creativity. Outcome 5, AC 2 written question Describe possible barriers to promoting quality in the workplace?People not astute hat is expected If people do not receive halal training and induction processes they may not fully understand their role, the companies aim and therefore how to provide it. Managers focusing on a quick peck Being under pressure to fix problems may lead to a band aid approach rather than long term solutions. This may pr ovide immediate results but will not lead to quality and consistency. not knowing whos responsible Without clear accountability and responsibility projects may not be managed and staff may not fully commit for revere of being held accountable for something they are not sure if they are responsible for.

European Government and Politics Essay

The trey names of regimen that will be examined in this reputation include broadly, the Parliamentary placement and the prexyial frames dwell in Britain, France and Germany. any comparative study of governing institutions involves an understanding of the governing institutions prevailing in different countries. All governmental institutions comprise a Legislature, an Executive and a Judiciary. Differences between governmental institutions primarily lie in how these three variety meat of government atomic number 18 related to each new(pre token(a)) and the extent of their functions.Traditionally, Britain consists of a parliamentary form of government. A parliamentary government is one where the nigh primal and powerful way belongs to the height government minister. In this form of government, the general assembly and the executive arms of the government are closely related, with the executive beingness involved in the working of the legislature and the executive b eing organise out of the legislature.In Britain, the legislature comprises the two set ups of government, that is, the household of Lords (the upper house) and the House of putting green (the lower house). The House of Lords is a non-elective body and consists of both genetic and life members who are called Peers. The strength of the House of Lords is over 900 members and a quorum of 30 members is the minimum for conducting proceedings in the House.The House of Commons comprises the elected representatives of the country. Since Britain has a bi-party formation, members of the legislature mainly come from the two major parties, namely, the Labour and the Conservative. Elections for forming the government are held every phoebe bird years and the party that secures a legal age of votes polled forms the government with the leader of the party assuming the post of old minister.It move upon the prime minister to form the executive and he appoints his ministers and Cabinet member s with the panegyric of the British Monarch. While the monarch and the prime minister together form the executive in Britain, the monarch is the constitutional head of the government and his powers are mostly ceremonial. It is the prime minister who is the real head of the government.However, there is a close collaboration between the prime minister and the monarch with the prime minister having to meet with the monarch and discuss matters relating to the running of the government. The House of Commons is more powerful than the House of Lords and money bills can be initiated provided in the House of Commons, thus the lower chamber of parliament controls the crinkle of the government. The administration is the third organ of government.In the United Kingdom, there is no single juridical system and the tribunal of Britain consists of the judiciary of England and Wales. The House of Lords is the highest court of appeals both in civil and criminal cases. Since Britain does not ha ve a indite constitution, there is an absence of the system of judicial review which enables the judiciary to act as the interpreter and guardian of the constitution.The courts in England therefore cannot influence on the merit of any law passed by the parliament. An important receive of the judicial system in Britain is rule of law which implies that every soul is governed by the same law, punishment is meted out only if a severing of law has been committed and the law protects the freedom and rights of the person. The British courts use three types of laws the Cannon law, the Statutory law and the law of Equity.The judiciary functions on the undercoat of a jury system and open trial. Germany In Germany, which is a federal official Parliamentary participatory Republic, the parliamentary system of government prevails. In line of credit to the two forms of governmental systems discussed above, Germany has a multi-party system unlike Britain and similar to that existing in Fr ance. In other words, sequence the political system in Britain is prevail by two major parties, in Germany there are several parties that contest elections.Among these the two main parties are the Socialist Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Union. The other parties such as the coalescence 90 or the Greens, the Free Democratic Party and Delinke support the SPD or the CDU. Another important characteristic is that in Germany, conjunction government has dominated and the SDP and CDU, despite being dominant, have failed to secure a complete bulk in the elections. Therefore the other parties have systematically supported both the SDP or the CDU in forming the government.The constitutional framework adopted in 1949 cognize as the Grundgesetz, or the basic law, has been in effect even aft(prenominal) 1990. The executive in Germany is comprised of the Chancellor who is equivalent to a prime minister and holds office for a period of four years and the President who holds o ffice for a period of five years. The Chancellor is the head of the government while the President is the head of the maintain.Like a parliamentary system, the executive functions in close collaboration with the legislature. The legislature in germany consists of the Federal Diet or the Bundestag and the Federal Council or the Bundesrat. The Bundestag is a directly elected body by dint of the system of proportional representation. The Bundesrat consists of the representatives of the 16 federal states who are also members of the state Cabinet. The Bundestag has the power to remove the Chancellor by passing a communicate of no-confidence.The judiciary in Germany is independent of both the executive and the legislature and follows the fantasy of Judicial Review. Almost all state actions are therefore survey to interpretation by the courts. In Germany, a complex and hierarchical system of appeals exists with separate branches dealing with administrative, taxation, labour and secur ity aspects. In addition, there exists a Constitutional Court which handles violation of constitutional rights after the regular appeals system has been exhausted.France Arguably, France is the seat of modern democracy following the cut Revolutions of 1789. Like Germany, politics in France in its present form is of recent origin from 1958 to the twenty percent Republic. While the government in Britain and Germany is Prime Ministerial, the French government is semi-Presidential. In effect the executive arm of the government consists of two heads of government where the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is head of government.On the other hand, unlike in Britain and very much similar to Germany, France has a pluralist and multi-party system of politics. The French Presidency is the oldest in Europe. France has had five Republics and the powers and functions of the President has varied in these five Republics. Parliamentary system of government was in order in the Third and Fourth Republics which made the presidential office a nominal one, where as in the Fifth Republic, the President has been vested with more powers.Thus, although there exist two heads of government, the President is more powerful in comparison to the prime minister unlike in a parliamentary system. In addition, where as previously the Presidential tenure was seven years,, it has been cut down to five years. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party or coalition and can be appointed by the president indefinitely. He has no fixed tenure.The prime minister forms and heads the Council of Ministers whose sessions, in turn are chaired by the president. The legislature consists of the National Assembly which is the lower house and represents single-member constituencies and the Senate which is the upper house and represents mainland France and its 13 overseas territories. The lower house is in charge of conducting the passing(a) proceedings of the government while t he Senate looks after constitutional and foreign matters.The judiciary in France is composed of a two-tier system, one relating to the judicial branch dealing with civil and criminal law and the other relating to the administrative branch. France has a written constitution and therefore laws can only be interpreted by the judiciary in accordance with the process of judicial review. The Cour de Cassation is the highest court of appeals which is headed by six chief judges appointed by the president.All judicial appointments to the Supreme Court are appointments for life and all former French presidents are de jure members of the Constitutional Court. In conclusion, it can be said that the merits of the presidential system involving a fixed tenure and separation of powers and more important than a parliamentary system. Similarly, a multi-party system offers more representation and answerableness than a bi-party system. Refernces Curtis, Michael & Ammendola, Guiseppe. (2002) Western European Government and Politics. Longman.