Philosophy of Religion - 935 Words

The Cosmological argument argues for the existence of God a posteriori based on the apparent order in the universe. For Aristotle, the existence of the universe needs an explanation, a cause, as it could not have come from nothing. Nothing comes from nothing so since there is something, there must have been some other thing that is its cause. Aristotle rules out an infinite progression of causes, so, that led to the conclusion that there must be a First Cause. Likewise with motion, there must have been a first cause; Aristotle calls this the ‘Prime Mover’. There is a God, says Aristotle -for how else does motion begin? Whilst this argument does generally offer some support for the existence of God, it does not prove his existence. Aquinas†¦show more content†¦Thus, Hume claimed that it is not possible to prove the existence of a being who is unknowable and existentially different from all other beings. A further argument against the cosmological argument is presented by Anthony Kenny. According to his analysis, the cause of change must possess a property which will initiate the change. For example, for something to become hot, the thing that causes the change must itself possess the property of heat. But modern science rejects this argument, for instance, microwaves can generate heat without themselves being hot. Therefore, it is not foolhardy to argue that the universe exists and as a result of highly finely-tuned probabilities, from simple compounds to what we see today. But still, Descartes reconstruction of the argument seems to postulate that, the cause of change must possess a property which will initiate the change, which is in direct conflict with Kenny’s point. Yet, Aquinas says Kenny is not giving a straightforward metaphysical analysis, but an analysis which presumes a standard, and also doubtful physics. Overall, the cosmological argument, while making a good attempt to prove the existence of God is largely unsuccessful chiefly because it makes huge empirical assumptions. Firstly, it assumes that the world does, in fact, exist. And secondly, we cannot prove that a world exists on the basis of a posteriori premises, therefore cannot infer from it that it has a cause, andShow MoreRelatedReligion vs. Philosophy1222 Words   |  5 PagesReligion Term Paper Philosophy and Religion An Idea is more powerful than an army (pg 14, Munroe). When first looking at the relationship between philosophy and religion, I found it easier to explain the differences rather than the similarities. I began this paper the same way I do others. This generally involves a profound amount of research on the topic at hand. However, in contrast to the other papers I have done, the definitions of philosophy and religion only raised more questions forRead MoreThere Are Two Main Issues In The Philosophy Of Religion1618 Words   |  7 PagesThere are two main issues in the philosophy of religion that focus on the existence of God. First and foremost, there are four arguments that describes the philosophy of religion which are cosmological arguments, ontological arguments and teleological arguments. Cosmological idea are empirical a posteriori arguments based on experience and sense perception. Our experience of the world shows God as the cause, creator or ultimate explanation of the word. Ontological concept are rational a posterioriRead More The Philosophy Of Religion : Thomas Aquinas And Fredrich Nietzsche1364 Words   |  6 Pagesnorms. 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Joe Gilmore Mr. Porter 4-17-16 Buddhist teachings consist of teaching others how to end suffering in their own lives. Buddha teaches that if you follow an eightfold path, then you are moving toward reaching nirvana. This is the end of all suffering and the goal of all Buddhists. Though Buddhism is commonly labeled as a religion, it fits the definition of a philosophy rather than a religion. Buddhism’s founder was a man named SiddharthaRead MoreConfucianism : Religion Or Philosophy? Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesConfucianism: Religion or Philosophy? Most ancient philosophical ideas developed in the ancient Chinese empires are believed to have their roots from Confucius. Confucianism was a simple way of life propagated by Confucius around the fifth and sixth century BC. Often perceived as a religion and other times as philosophy, it is conceivably best unspoken as a comprehensive humanism that neither slights nor denies heaven. The Chinese populaces have devotedly observed Confucianism for nearly two millenniaRead More Philosophy and Religion Essay791 Words   |  4 Pages The many religions of the world exhibit a large amount of different beliefs and philosophies. Some believe in many gods, some believe in just one god and yet there are those that believe in no god. One of the things that I agree with is that you can not love anything else unless you first learn to love and respect yourself. I also think that after one?s physical body is deceased, you become reincarnated. And lastly, I don?t recognize one god or overall being, but rather follow the example made byRead MoreBuddhism : The Philosophy And Religion1426 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism originated 2,500 years ago in India and today – is the prevailing world religion in the East. There are more than 360 million followers of Buddhism, including one million American followers. Buddhism has branched into a diverse selection of forms throughout its long history, however, all methods of Buddhism share an admiration for the teachings of Buddha with the ultimate focus on ending suffering (Religionfacts.com, 2015). In the 6th century BC, Siddhartha or Gautama Buddha was born inRead MoreConfucianism : Religion, Religions, Ideologies, And Philosophies1564 Words   |  7 Pagesmany beliefs, religions, ideologies and philosophies have risen and declined thorough out humanity. These religions have their origins, a set of beliefs, a follower-ship, religious or important texts, a spread of the religion, views on women, dietary habits, holidays and like any thing else it has critiques. These are all important aspect when talking about a religion. Religions describe societies and set moral standard of those people who choose to follow said religion. These religions are a good historical

Charles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution - 951 Words

On December 15, 1791, the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America were ratified. Collectively known as the Bill of Rights, these amendments placed limits on the powers of the federal government in response to concerns of the Anti-Federalists, who argued that such safeguards were needed to protect individual liberties from the powers of the federal government. The First Amendment to the Constitution begins by stating that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† Known as the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses, respectively, these words effectively create, according to the writings of Thomas Jefferson (1802), â€Å"a wall of separation between Church and State†, and thus require that the government remain religiously neutral in its actions. Perhaps nowhere else is this neutrality being challenged more vigorously than in America’s public school science c lassrooms. Of particular concern for school administrators and the educators whom they supervise, are the repeated efforts of Christian fundamentalists to replace the teaching of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection with Biblical Creationism. During the past ninety years, many legal cases have further defined the boundary of that wall of separation. In response, the methods employed by the proponents of Biblical Creationism to alter science education have continued to evolve. The issue of the intrusion ofShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was a British man who became one of the greatest contributors to the study of evolution. He was a naturalist who was able to develop a theory of evolution based on biological changes that he witnessed occurring in varieties of samples on his travels all around the world. Charles Darwin is valuable in science history, simply because he was the first geologis ts who had come the closest for closing the gap on how and why biological changes occurred. The naturalist and geologistRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution801 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of Evolution is one of the greatest intellectual revolutions of human history. It can drastically change our perception of the world and our place in it. Charles Darwin created a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. During this time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and adaptation was the work of the creator. A fellow scientist Carl Linnaeus created a system of classifications that we still use today. Charles RobertRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory On Evolution Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesand how did life start, along with the creation of the universe and Earth? Charles Darwin’s theory on evolution, which is called natural selection, is based on the idea of species naturally adapting to their surrounding environment to better the species chances for survival. Creationism, on the other hand, is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation. Both are theories on life, and how such life came to be thing we all know. It is not the strongestRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1750 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin is remembered for his theory of evolution. Much controversy surrounds Darwin s theory. Questions abound. Is evolution a four billion year old process, creating life forms primarily at random but each shaped by an ever-changing and complex environment, that has resulted in all of the wondrous life forms that surround us? Or are all of those beautiful elements of our nature, along with the vastness and majesty of the entire universe, a creation of an intellect of vast intelligence andRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1055 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist, he was known greater for his contributions for the evolution theory. Darwin wrote a book in 1859 it was published and became the greatest and well known book. The name of the book was â€Å"On the Origin of Species†. In the book he wrote about his theory of evolution by natural selection, he discovered how the process of how organisms change as time goes on. Changes in traits and the organism’s physical behavior. Darwin believe change happensRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. In Darwin s time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus es tablished the system of biological classification that we use today, and did so in the spiritRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1957 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscusses the theory of evolution in detail. Topics this paper will address include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as well as highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the theory and examining how effective the theory is in today’s world. I. Description of the theory The theory of evolution sets forth an explanation of how all of the living species on Earth came to be. The theory as we know it today, written by Charles Darwin, states thatRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution2319 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Darwin is commonly known for writing On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. Based on his findings, Darwin concluded to â€Å"the theory of evolution, [by which] is the process of which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable or behavioral traits† (Than, 2015). Certain changes that occurred in the organism s’ environment allowed it to evolve, survive, and produce offspring with those developed traits. He recorded his findings while aboard the second voyage of H.M.SRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pages Darwin and his Followers Charles Darwin is one of the most well known names in the United States for good reason. His theory of evolution through natural selection was not only revolutionary in the scientific world, but were also applied to society by some of his followers in this country. Some of these applications were beneficial to society while others simply allowed people to use his teachings for their own goals. While not apparent at first, Darwin does believe in a meaning in life similarRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Survival of the fittest† is one of the greatest concepts discussed by Charles Darwin (who is known as the father of evolution) and which has also affected many species throughout the world over the years, including us! As presented in his theory of evolution, Charles Darwin explains how those with advantageous traits will be able to better survive than their fellow counterparts. In other words, organisms with traits best suited for their environment will have higher chances of surviving than those

Race Culture Diversity - Reflections on Issues Relating...

Many issues have been introduced and discussed in regards to race, culture and diversity, and their impact on children and society. In the attached journal I have recorded some of the subjects we discussed in group sessions such as: British Empire Legacy, Equal Opportunities, Post Code Culture, Ethnic Minorities, Sex Education, Legislations, and the Traveller Community. I have also included other interesting issues that I came across and thought to be relevant to this module. For the purpose of this reflective statement on the module and journal, I will focus further on and discuss the education of children in the traveller community, and inequalities in the representation of race and cultures in the media. The right to education is a†¦show more content†¦They may also have to deal with prejudice and bullying from the other children in the school. These uncomfortable situations often lead the children to leave education early and join the family trade, where they feel more at ease and comfortable (Reynold, 2003). These children are the lowest attaining amongst all Ethnic Minority groups. Many travellers are still very much a part of circuses and fairgrounds. Many still live in trailers and do not want static homes, which also makes it difficult to get them to integrate as they will not join in with settled society as they have a nomadic lifestyle (Tait, 2004). Tait (2004) reports that travellers have the lowest level of educational attainment of any ethnic group. They have low attendance rates and are often taught informally by family members. Though distant learning has been introduced to help integrate the traveller community and give their children an education, access is still a big factor. The DfEE (1998) report on Traveller Education found as many as 10,000 Traveller children who were not even registered with a school. Travelling often means children are not able to settle into one school, which undermines their educational progress, with the main issues identified by Bhopal (2004) being, underachievement, racism and bullying. Not being a member of the majority group can play a vital role in your development,Show MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesadequacy Cost problems Marketing orientation Planning orientation 536 536 539 549 551 551 553 555 565 576 585 587 589 589 593 610 624 625 627 627 627 642 648 652 664 667 677 679 679 680 684 688 690 697 703 711 x CONTENTS 16.10 Organizational issues 16.11 17 Summary 713 721 723 725 725 726 728 734 747 757 762 765 767 767 767 798 809 811 813 853 Management control – 1 17.1 Learning objectives 17.2 Introduction to control 17.3 Control defined 17.4 Basic control concepts 17.5 Responsibility

Marketing of Coffee from Strauss Coffee Company, Brazil to Ethiopia Literature review

Essays on Marketing of Coffee from Strauss Coffee Company, Brazil to Ethiopia Literature review The paper "Marketing of Coffee from Strauss Coffee Company, Brazil to Ethiopia" is an excellent example of a literature review on marketing. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of coffee (Jarvis, 2003). The country exports coffee to its main competitors including Vietnam, Indonesia, India, and Colombia. According to the Brazil Trade Business Group (2011), Ethiopia is the only big producer that does not import coffee from Brazil. Since coffee is a global commodity and a chief foreign earner in most developing countries, it is important that the countries expand their markets further and reach out to more international markets (Feleke and Walters, 2005). In this paper, a discussion on international marketing shall be done that shall specifically target marketing of coffee from Strauss Coffee Company to Ethiopia. This will involve discussion on the market selection and environmental analysis. In addition, the paper shall devise a marketing mix strategy for marketing the coffee in Ethiopia. This paper shall also develop a foreign market entry strategy for the coffee to be suitably sold in Ethiopia.Market SelectionEthiopia does not import its coffee from Brazil (Brazil Trade Business Group, 2011). The country is undisputedly the birthplace of Arabica coffee. Its high population gives its place in one of the leading markets in Africa. Since the inception of the government of Ethiopia, it has worked to implement a growth and transformation plan that envisions a growth domestic product of about 14.9 % (Doing Business in Ethiopia, 2012). The environment in Ethiopia is, therefore, getting laid for business. In addition, the people’s culture of using coffee has been in existence since time immemorial. The government has also opened up privatization and public supervising agency that is open to foreign involvement. This gives foreign bodies an opportunity to invest in the country and sell their products. In addition, the government has developed more than 200 electronic services that will enable online trading and quick communication between the two countries.According to Goodwin (2012), Ethiopia is taken to be the birthplace of coffee both as a plant and a culture. About 12 million people are known to embrace the culture through farming activities or through picking coffee and this demonstrates the depth of the coffee culture in the country. In fact, coffee plays such a key role in Ethiopia that it has been linked to many expressions that deal with life relationships and even food. There is a common saying in Ethiopia that says â€Å"Buna dabo naw†, translating to â€Å"coffee is our bread†. Another common saying that encourages the consumption of coffee is â€Å"Buna Tetu†, translating to â€Å"drink coffee†. The culture has gone so deep that in some instances, coffee is used to express someone’s life. For instance, coffee can be used in an expression like â€Å"I don’t have someone to tak e coffee with†.

The Different Styles of Narration Free Essays

string(32) " change is extremely important\." Narrators in Film and Novel In this chapter, Stam introduces the different styles of narrators in Novel. According to him, they vary from the first-person report-narrator to the multiple letter writers of epistolary novels, to outside-observer narrators of reflexive novels like Don Quixote and Tom Jones, to the once intimate and impersonal narrator of Madame Bovary, to the â€Å"stream-of-consciousness† narrators, on to the intensely objective/subjective obsessional narrators of Robbe-Grillet. What interests Stam is the fact that these different styles of narration cannot be really explained by the conventional terms that exist. We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Styles of Narration or any similar topic only for you Order Now That happens because language and grammar are the foundation of the traditional analysis of film and literature and in this context have leaded to a terminology based on them, a terminology such as first-person narrator or third-person narrator. This kind of grammar based terminology and approach, can create confusion and obscure facts like writers shifting person and changing the relation between narrator and fiction. For Stam though, the most important issue is not the grammatical â€Å"person† as he says, but the control an author has over the intimacy and the distance and how he calibrates the access to a character’s knowledge and consciousness. Literary narration can be complicated through film because of the verbal narration (voice over/speech of characters) and the capacity a film has to present the different appearances of the world. Andre Goudreault says that filmic narration is more powerful than â€Å"monstration† (showing) and â€Å"narration† (telling) and that for him, editing and other cinematic procedures consist of the evaluation and the comments of the filmic narrator. This way films tell stories (narrate) and at the same time stage them (show). Stam explains that  «the film as â€Å"narrator† is not a person (the director) or a character in the fiction but, rather, the abstract instance of a superordinate agency that regulates the spectator’s knowledge ». In other words â€Å"le grand imagier† and the â€Å"meganarrator†, all names attributed to the narrator, can be considered as the conductor of an orchestra who uses the instruments of cinematic expression as musical instruments. The author (Stam) continues his chapter by explaining how a double play of forms can be made possible through sound cinema. Voice-over narration and monstration (showing) mutually reinforce each other like in Sunset Boulevard where the scene is supposed to be a visual manifestation of what Joe Gillis is saying. We will also come across that during my extract analysis. In more modernist films like India Song (1975) and Last year at Marienbad (1961) the two forms contradict each other, in a sense that what is told is not what is being shown. Since sound made its appearance in film, cinema has been as Chion says â€Å"vococentric†, it has an orientation toward the human voice, which, in the cinema, according to Stam can provide information and focus for spectatorial identification. A debate has started about whether a film can actually narrate. Film theorists believe that filmic â€Å"narration† is only a fiction of the human mind. They don’t argue of course about films being able to develop certain processes of â€Å"narration† but they state that these processes can only be considered as cheap copies of a â€Å"narrator†. This logic though can also be valid for novelistic narrators. Theorist like Christian Metz, consider film to be a deployment of â€Å"impersonal† narration in which case the narrator is both the one that provides the fictional world and the one that comments on this same world. Stam chooses to stand on another important matter of narratology, the relationship between the events told and the temporal standpoint of the telling. For example, whether the telling if the story is taking place after the events of the story, which is called a retrospective narration, or prior, in which case, as he explains, we have an oracular or prophetic narration. In some cases, the telling and the events are simultaneous or even interpolated, meaning that they take place during the intervals between the moments of the main action. For Stam, the question is how all these different settings of time manage to be translated within adaptations. There is the case of â€Å"embedded narration†, where a story contains another story inside it, in a narrative mise-en-abyme. This is the case of the extract I have chosen to analyze. These substories go by the term of hypodiegesis. This occurs when a story contains a sub-story. For Genette, the term â€Å"diegesis† refers to three things, the time and space, the participants, and the events in a narrative. Around this term he creates terms such as â€Å"autodiegetic† (when the narrator generates and tells his own story), â€Å"homodiegetic† (when the narrator is part of the story but is not the protagonist) and â€Å"heterodiegetic† (when the narrator is not part of the story at all). â€Å"Autodiegetic† comes from the greek word â€Å" †, â€Å"homodiegetic† from â€Å" and â€Å"heterodiegetic† from â€Å" †. â€Å" † means â€Å"narrative† and â€Å" † has the meaning of â€Å"itself†. â€Å" †means it has a resemblance with something and â€Å" † that it is something different. So when the narrator is autodiegetic it means he is narrating himself, when he is homodiegetic, he narrating about something similar with him and when he is heterodiegetic he is narrating about something different that him. Stam adds that the narrator can be single or collective, a group narrator and that off screen narrators can be single, multiple or even contradictory like in the case of Citizen Kane. He also makes a distinction between living and dead narrators. A dead narrator would be when at the time the narrator is talking it has been known to us that he is already dead in the story. So the narration would probably take place after the events. Stam continues his analysis by referring to reliability. Narrators can be completely suspect (like Leonard in Memento, the movie I have chosen to analyze) ,more or less reliable, or serve as dramatized spokespersons for the implied author. The modern period has a taste for changing narrators and unreliable ones. This is the case of the bildungsroman, a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood and in which character change is extremely important. You read "The Different Styles of Narration" in category "Papers" Sometimes, also, the reliability of a narrator as the governess in James’s Turn of the Screw can cause difficulty for literary interpretation. Cases of â€Å"lying narration† are also offered in the cinema. What is challenging for Stam, is to find a way to reproduce in a way all the ambiguity and readerly decipherment of the text, on a cinematic register. Self-obsessed neurotic narrators like Humbert Humbert in Lolita, tend to be relativized by adaptation in a severe manner. While the narrator in the novel is â€Å"autodiegetic†, in the film he switches to â€Å"homodiegetic†. The problem is that the discursive power an unreliable narrator possesses is drastically reduced by film because of the multitrack nature of the film. In a novel, there is only one track available and that is the verbal track, which is of course controlled by the narrator. In a film though, even if the narrator can partially control the verbal track by the use of voice-over or character dialogue, that same control remains subject to a great amount of constraints such as the presence of other characters, voices, objects etc. While it’s not impossible to portrait an unreliable first-person narration in the cinema, all the problems mentioned above lead us to understand that it would be extremely difficult and could only be succeeded by relentless subjectification in almost all the cinematic registers. Point of View This chapter of â€Å"The Theory and Practice of Adaptation† tries to answer questions concerning focalization and point of view which is a term that has been regarded as problematic. â€Å"Point of view† can either refer to an ideological orientation, an emotional stance or even to the angle from which a story is told. Unlike literature, this term in cinema is always literal because of the camera set-ups that are required. Nevertheless, it can be figurative too at the same time, through the use of cinematic means. For Stam, an authorial point of view can be sensed in films. He explains that the film’s multitrack and multiform nature are to be seriously considered if we want to understand the cinematic point of view since each and every filmic track and procedure can convey one. Next, Stam takes interest in the relationship between the knowledge of the character and that of the narrator, something that has been referred to as â€Å"focalization†. According to Todorov, three were the possibilities: narrators could either know more, less or as much as the characters. Of course, one might argue that quantity is not always the case, since the two can also know differently. Gennete chooses to make a distinction between narration (who speaks or tells) and focalization (who sees) and then separates this last term into three sub-terms. â€Å"Zero focalization† refers to narrators who know much more than the rest of the characters. â€Å"Internal focalization† occurs when events are filtered through a character and is subdivided into â€Å"fixed† for when it is limited to a single character or â€Å"variable† for when it’s passed from character to character. Finally, â€Å"external focalization† takes place when the reader cannot access to point of view and motivations and can only be a simple observer of external behavior. Andre Goudrault and Francois Jost argued that the term of focalization can create problems when it comes to the visual medium of cinema since the sound film has the ability to show what a character sees and say what he thinks at the same time. They proposed a separation of these two functions by the use of two terms. The first term is â€Å"ocularization† and refers to the relation of what the camera shows and what the character is supposed to be seeing. Focalization† was used by the two narratologists to characterize the cognitive point of view adopted by the story. Stam also examines how â€Å"point of view† intersects with â€Å"style†. Adaptations have been considered less modernist than their sources but that is not the case with adaptations like the one of Virginia Woolf’ s Orlando by Sally Potter in 1992 or Bunuel’s That Obscure Object of Desire, where, in the contrary, the novel’s modernism is amplified. The author chooses to conclude this chapter not by answering questions, but rather by asking them. He is interested in the handling of temporality and wonders if instances of Genette’s â€Å"pause† take place in the novel and the adaptation, as montage sequences or as static close shots without action. He mentions Cristian Metz’s eight syntagmatic types in the cinema (one-shot sequence or autonomous shot, parallel syntagma, bracket syntagma, descriptive syntagma, alterning syntagma, scence, episodic sequence, ordinary sequence) and asks how these types are useful and wonders about the existence of any correlations with temporality in film and their nature. He questions the role of description in novel and film and wants to know if there is a possibility of pure (unnarrativized) description in any of these two mediums and finally sets the question of stylistic equivalences across them. MEMENTO [pic] Memento is a film directed by Christopher Nolan and released in the year 2000. He wrote the story with his brother Jonathan Nolan, based on a short story published by Jonathan called Memento Mori. The whole film can be divided in 22 colored and 22 black and white sequences plus the opening sequence which runs backward and is shown in slow motion. In order to understand the analysis of the sequence chosen (1. 22. 58 – 1. 48. 43) a brief introduction to the movie’s plot is necessary: Leonard Shelby (Guy Pearce) is a former insurance investigator whose wife was killed during an assault in their home. During that assault he sustained a head trauma and now suffers from a memory dysfunction which makes him unable to create any new memories after the incident. He remembers of everything prior the incident though like who he is, what his job was and everything about his life with his wife. But each time he wakes up he can’t remember where he is, why he is there or what he did and who he met the day before. He cannot trust anyone and his whole life is one big constant puzzle solving. There is only one thing that motivates him and that is to hunt down and kill his wife murderer. To collect the facts needed to avenge his wife he has developed a strategy that consists of taking polaroid pictures of everyone he meets, of the place he lives in and so on while also getting tattooed on his body every important information he comes across. pic]Leonard’s tattooed body In his investigation he is helped by two persons, Teddy (Joe Pantoliano) and Natalie (Carrie-Anne Moss). The viewers of Memento find out pretty fast that a mentally ill character like the one of Leonard Shelby is an extremely unreliable narrator. Nollan gives us hints about the unreliability of human memory . [pic][pic] We can also see Leonard being manipulated by others and making mistakes while coll ecting information on his wife’s murderer. [pic][pic] We can see here that he mistakes the I of the license plate for a 1 What is very interesting in the revenge story In addition to Leonard’s revenge story is the embedded story of Sammy Jankis and his wife which we will encounter in the sequence I have chosen to analyze. [pic] EXTRACT ANALYSIS Introduction The selected movie extract (1. 22. 58 – 1. 48. 43) is a sequence shot in Scope like the entire film is and in black and white as half of the movie’s sequences are. Those sequences were shot that way in order to be separated from the colored ones. Black and white sequences are shown in a chronologically forward order whilst the colored ones are shown backwards and don’t have a linear narrative structure. In this specific extract, Leonard Shelby narrates part of Sammy Jankis’s story, probably the most important one because it describes how he killed his wife by giving her an overdose of insulin. As it is explained to the viewers earlier in the film, Sammy suffers of the same condition as Leonard. Leonard investigated his case when he was still healthy and working for the insurance company and refused Sammy’s insurance claim by proving it was a psychological condition rather than a physical one. Relation between Stam’s text and the Memento sequence Stam refers in his chapter Narrators in Film and Novel to the case of â€Å"embedded narration† and how embedded narratives generate hypodiegesis. Hypodiegesis occurs when a substory is embedded within stories. In the case of this extract, the story is the one of Leonard’s hunting down his wife’s killer while dealing with his condition , and the substory , the one of Sammy Jankis’s condition and how his wife tries to deal with it. In the sequence Leonard is speaking on the phone with someone yet unknown to the viewers who is supposed to be a police officer. During their conversation, â€Å"Lenny† talks about his condition while comparing it to Sammy’s and decides to speak about what happened to him and his wife. This is when hypodiegesis occurs. [pic] Once this embedded narrative begins we are the scene is no longer situated in the same place and the characters have changed. As Leonard narrates the camera serves as a visual manifestation of what he is describing. We see him in a room with Sammy’s wife crying just after we hear him speaking about how she came to see him in his office. Then he talks about how, persuaded he could â€Å"snap out of† this mental condition, she put him through his final exam. [pic][pic] Then we are transported back to the Jankis’s home where Leonard does not describe the fact that she tricks her husband into giving her three consecutive insulin shots (as it is shown) but only talks about how she found a way to test him hoping she would call his bluff. As Stam says â€Å"a voice over narration gradually gives way to direct monstration, yet we somehow take what is monstrated to emanate from the initial narrative†. What makes this substory so interesting is the fact that the story of Sammy Jankis may in fact be the story of Leonard Shelby. Perhaps this whole parallel story wants to show the viewer that Leonard’s own wife was killed not by a murderer but by Leonard himself. There are several hints that point out the lack of the character’s reliability and lead us to conclude that his substory is a fabrication of his own subconscious. Reliability is actually a very interesting issue for Stam and in this case our narrator belongs to â€Å"those who are almost completely suspect† as they are called in Stam’s text. There are three important moments in the sequence that help us understand Leonard’s unreliability. The first one is when he takes in his hands a picture of himself (which later we learn it was took the moment he killed his wife’s murderer) and turns it the other way so that he doesn’t see it anymore. At the same time he says â€Å"It’s completely fucked because nobody believes you, it’s amazing what a little brain damage will do for your credibility. I guess it’s some kind of poetic justice for not believing Sammy†. [pic][pic] The fact that he hides the picture shows the viewers that he does not want to see it. He does not want to see himself while he tells Sammy‘s story, because he wants to forget that it is actually his story. He is lying to himself and wants to believe his lies. His words have also great meaning. He says that nobody believes him and that he has no credibility. He is again talking about himself because it is he that does not believe himself and he knows that he is not credible. His subconscious is projected to the viewers, we can see how deep inside he knows he is lying and he is fighting to believe these lies. As he says he didn’t believe Sammy, or, maybe he didn’t believe himself? The second hint is given to the spectators when he looks at one of his tattoos which is â€Å"remember Sammy Jankis† and at the same time says on the phone â€Å"Like Sammy. What if I‘d done something like Sammy? †. [pic] In this case, a doubt is raised, both in our minds and in Leonard’s mind. What if he had done something like Sammy? What if he had killed his wife without knowing it? The ending will show that he actually did kill his wife exactly how Sammy is supposed to have. The tattoo reminds him of Sammy, he needs that tattoo, he needs to be reminded of Sammy, otherwise there would be no meaning for him to continue on leaving. He needs to mask the facts in such a way so that he’ll have a purpose to go on. Remembering Sammy Jankis means to forget about what he did. The last moment that points out to Leonard’s lack of reliability is the most visual one. While Leonard describes how Sammy was put in a home after the death of his wife, we can see Sammy sitting in a chair at the exact home. The camera starts to zoom in on him, when, at a certain point, a doctor passes in front of him and we have a cut. When the action starts again, the doctor gets out of the way and we can get a glimpse (for exactly 2 frames) of Leonard sitting in that same chair instead of Sammy, just before the scene ends. It is obvious that Nolan wants the viewers to see that Sammy and Leonard are the same person and that Leonard is actually describing his own story. [pic][pic] Conclusion Memento is a film with unique narrative structure. The story behind it is rather simple but the narrative structure is extremely elaborate and constant attention from its spectators is needed. The lack of short memory of the protagonist and and the chaos following him and his attempts to put together the puzzle of his wife’s murder are linked to whole storytelling in a very intelligent way. The fact that the main plot’s narrative structure is backwards and that its conclusion is revealed in the opening sequence, along with the mix of color and black and white sequences, can sometimes confuse the spectators as much as the main character. The spectators are this way driven to identify themselves in Leonard, sharing with him the confusion and the feelings of each revelation, as well as those of the disappointing truth. How to cite The Different Styles of Narration, Papers

Standard Language Ideology and Discriminatory †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Standard Language Ideology and Discriminatory. Answer: Introduction Primarily, language discrimination is based on accent, vocabulary and syntax. Undoubtedly, any form of discrimination is not good for the people treated differently. Noteworthy, the existence of the United States of America Civil Rights Act of 1964, is sufficient proof of the existence of various forms of discrimination to which the Act seeks to redress(Lippi-Green.2015).Specifically, the Act prohibits workplace discrimination based on the language traits of the employee based on the fact that a potential customer or employer find the worker's language trait not appealing thus asserting to the fact that discrimination based on a person accent is real as it gets. In addition, the United States government implemented a complain mechanism for the victims. This further alludes to the reality of the existence of accent based discrimination. Also, the fact that there are several tried cases reported since the year 1972 shows that there are victims of language-based discrimination. However, not all cases of language-based discrimination are reported due to various reasons. Arguably, justice is affected by language (Eades,1996).There are high percentages of indigenous imprisoned persons to which some people think it is due to their limited communication skills or their systemic language differences. Undoubtedly, the fact that an accused person is unable to clearly understand what goes on in his or her own trial, is hardly a fair trial but also a violation of the accused persons right to justice. For persons affected by language-based discrimination, personal frustration missed opportunities, the unfair trial is some of the consequences experienced by the victim (Hedley, 2006).Every human being is entitled to a right of fair trial which includes the right to defend oneself against the allegations. One such way is giving testimony in ones favor to which Robyn, was not accorded. Infringement of basic human rights is a direct and relatable consequence of language-based discrimination. This goes to show how negatively such language-based discrimination effects. According to Eades, indigenous persons are unable to seek clarification or unable to fully understand the proceedings against them due to the systemic language differences. This is highly likely to lead to a miscarriage of justice. Essentially, Language discrimination effects are purely negative. The affected party feels ashamed and sometimes feels the need to be pretentious (Tan, n .d).Also, injustice can be a product of discrimination as evidenced by the lack of opportunity to defend oneself by giving evidence and workplace language based discrimination (Hedley, 2006: Lippi-Green, 1994).Owing to the fact that the accused trial took part without her active involvement is highly unjust. Profoundly, Lippi Green and Hedley agree that discrimination has negative consequences on their victims. Mainly, Lippi focuses on workplace discrimination whereas Hedley focuses on legal injustice .However, both agree that discrimination are a violation of human rights and negatively impact on the victims. Conclusion Conclusively, language based discrimination negatively impacts on the victims. However, legal avenues such as legislation and related agencies can provide redress .Language discrimination has led to unjust legal proceedings, workplace injustices, poor academic scores in English among other limited experiences. Also, language impacts on the future careers of indigenous people .However, through legal channels such as legislations, agencies, the negative effects can be addressed. All in all no person deserves to be discriminated on any count. References Eades, D. (1996).Legal Recognition of cultural differences in communication: The case of Robyn Kina.. Science Direct..Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0271530996000110 Hedley, T. (2006, Dec 16).Failure of a justice system that feels all too familiar. The Australian. Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/failure-of-justice-system-that-feels-all-too-familiar/story-e6frg6nf-1111112697062 Lippi-Green, R. (1994).Accent, standard language ideology, and Discriminatory pretext in the courts. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.Org/stable/4168513 Tan, A. (n. d).Mother's tongue.UMSL.Retrieved from https://www.umsl.edu/~alexanderjm/Mother%20Tongue%20by%20Tan.pdf